Hypogonadism (Hypergonadotropic Hypogonadism)

Condition resulting from deficient gonadal functions, such as GAMETOGENESIS and the production of GONADAL STEROID HORMONES. It is characterized by delay in GROWTH, germ cell maturation, and development of secondary sex characteristics. Hypogonadism can be due to a deficiency of GONADOTROPINS (hypogonadotropic hypogonadism) or due to primary gonadal failure (hypergonadotropic hypogonadism).

Also Known As:

Networked: 3896 relevant articles (137 outcomes, 343 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Erectile Dysfunction
2.	Neoplasms (Cancer)
3.	Osteoporosis
4.	Infertility (Sterility)
5.	Hyperprolactinemia

Experts

1.	Maggi, Mario: 50 articles (01/2016 - 11/2002)
2.	Pitteloud, Nelly: 33 articles (09/2015 - 01/2002)
3.	Forti, Gianni: 32 articles (11/2014 - 11/2002)
4.	Corona, Giovanni: 29 articles (12/2015 - 05/2006)
5.	Crowley, William F: 28 articles (12/2015 - 01/2002)
6.	Young, Jacques: 23 articles (09/2015 - 12/2003)
7.	Seminara, Stephanie B: 22 articles (12/2014 - 01/2002)
8.	Vignozzi, Linda: 20 articles (01/2016 - 11/2002)
9.	Mannucci, Edoardo: 20 articles (12/2015 - 05/2006)
10.	Quinton, Richard: 20 articles (11/2015 - 01/2002)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Hypogonadism:

1.	Testosterone (Sustanon)FDA Link 06/15/2011 - "Most studies demonstrate an improvement in bone mineral density in men with hypogonadism as a result of testosterone therapy. " 12/01/2000 - "Replacement therapy by parenteral or transdermal testosterone administration can be highly beneficial in alleviating the manifestations of hypogonadism and improving quality of life. " 09/01/2004 - "The availability of new treatment modalities has helped to renew interest in the management of male hypogonadism, highlighting the need to address a number of important but previously neglected questions in testosterone replacement therapy. " 11/01/1981 - "We conclude that the decrease in SHBG, which prevents obese males from developing hypogonadism, is not sufficiently effective in the massively obese patients to compensate the marked decrease in testosterone. " 01/01/2014 - "Testosterone replacement in men diagnosed with hypogonadism where mid-normal range levels are achieved have shown a beneficial effect on several cardiovascular risk factors, cardiac ischaemia, functional exercise capacity and improved mortality. "
2.	Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH)FDA Link 03/01/1994 - "Pulsatile administration of GnRH for induction of ovulation is effective for women with idiopathic hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism. " 08/07/1977 - " The LH-RH loading test has proved very useful in establishing the pathological mechanism of hypogonadism." 02/01/2007 - "The aim of the present study was to evaluate the efficacy of pulsatile GnRH treatment in a large French cohort of patients with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. " 03/01/2005 - "To exclude secondary hypogonadism in PADAM, diagnostic accuracy can be improved by using GnRH testing." 04/01/1996 - "Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism has not been documented in the stallion; however, GnRH therapy has improved the fertility of a limited number of horses. "
3.	GonadotropinsIBA 12/01/2002 - "Exogenous gonadotropin therapy may not be as beneficial for increasing sperm concentration in older men with idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism." 03/01/2012 - "Treatment with gonadotropins has been shown to be effective in males affected by hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. " 07/01/1980 - "Investigation of the therapeutic efficacy of menopause gonadotropin (MPG), made in the USSR, in patients with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism demonstrated MPG to possess the FSH-activity. " 12/01/2007 - "Gonadotropin therapy is a safe and effective therapy for hypogonadotropic hypogonadism." 12/01/2007 - "The objective of this study was to determine the efficacy of gonadotropin therapy in men with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. "
4.	HormonesIBA 04/01/2012 - "To demonstrate the efficacy of hormone treatment on the patients with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (HH), we summarized our more than 10 years experience. " 07/01/2012 - "The findings suggest that hormone replacement, even when instituted at a late stage, is effective in reversing the bladder wall alterations produced by secondary hypogonadism." 02/01/2005 - "These compounds have been tried in a variety of catabolic conditions in man and both hormones have been effective in reducing the protein wasting effects of glucocorticosteroids and mitigate some of the catabolic effects of severe hypogonadism in males. " 07/01/2007 - "Elevation of sexual hormones concentration eliminated clinical hypogonadism symptoms in 68.75% patients. " 09/01/2015 - "The aim of this study was to assess the use of hormone testing for the diagnosis and evaluation of hypogonadism and monitoring of T therapy in clinical practice. "
5.	Clomiphene (Clomifene)FDA LinkGeneric 09/01/2014 - "Clomiphene citrate (CC) is as an effective treatment for men with hypogonadism (HG). " 11/01/2012 - "Clomiphene citrate is safe and effective for long-term management of hypogonadism." 12/01/2006 - "To review the management of male hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (HH) and evaluate the efficacy of clomiphene citrate (CC). " 09/01/2015 - "Clomiphene-Associated Suicide Behavior in a Man Treated for Hypogonadism: Case Report and Review of The Literature." 09/01/2014 - "Enclomiphene citrate reverses the two hallmarks of secondary hypogonadism, namely, low serum total T and low or inappropriately normal LH while preserving sperm production. "
6.	testosterone undecanoateIBA 11/01/2011 - "Thus, nebido is highly effective in sexual dysfunction and other somatic disorders caused by hypogonadism. " 03/01/1997 - "Testosterone undecanoate is an effective agent for treating hypogonadism. " 06/01/1981 - "Clinical efficacy of testosterone undecanoate in male hypogonadism." 01/01/2015 - "Effects of long-term oral testosterone undecanoate therapy on urinary symptoms: data from a 1-year, placebo-controlled, dose-ranging trial in aging men with symptomatic hypogonadism." 06/01/2012 - "Effects of long-acting testosterone undecanoate on bone mineral density in middle-aged men with late-onset hypogonadism and metabolic syndrome: results from a 36 months controlled study."
7.	Chorionic Gonadotropin (Human Chorionic Gonadotropin)FDA LinkGeneric 03/01/2006 - "The objectives of this study were to investigate the cause of hypogonadism in PWS and determine whether human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) treatment can restore pubertal development. " 04/01/2011 - "Penile growth in response to human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) treatment in patients with idiopathic hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism." 07/01/2009 - "After a diagnosis of adult-onset hypogonadotropic hypogonadism was established, the patient received human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) and recombinant FSH treatment. " 01/01/1998 - "The use of human chorionic gonadotropin should be considered in prolonged hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism due to anabolic steroid abuse." 01/01/1998 - "Anabolic steroid induced hypogonadism treated with human chorionic gonadotropin."
8.	Estradiol (Estrace)FDA LinkGeneric 02/01/2013 - "However, a recent study in healthy asymptomatic controls observed that neither induced hypogonadism nor estradiol replacement influenced cognitive performance. " 01/01/2013 - "The aim of this study was to investigate the incidence of hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (HH) in type 2 diabetic men (T2DM) in population of Polish men and examine the possible influence of estradiol levels and glycemic control. " 07/01/2001 - "In a clinical observation study, we induced puberty in 15 girls with hyper- or hypogonadotropic hypogonadism using low doses of transdermal estradiol patches attached only during the night and compared the estradiol concentrations obtained with those in healthy girls. " 12/19/2000 - "Association of hypogonadism and estradiol levels with bone mineral density in elderly men from the Framingham study." 04/01/2013 - "These data demonstrate that clinically significant depressive symptoms were rare accompaniments of short-term estradiol withdrawal and induced hypogonadism in healthy premenopausal women. "
9.	Phosphodiesterase 5 InhibitorsIBA 12/01/2009 - "We have developed an animal model of MetS associated with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and penile alterations including unresponsiveness to PDE5 inhibitors. " 09/01/2006 - "Screening for hypogonadism may be useful in men with ED who fail prior PDE5 inhibitors, especially in populations at risk for hypogonadism such as type 2 diabetes and the metabolic syndrome." 11/01/2005 - "It is important to screen all men with ED for hypogonadism, especially those with a history of inadequate response to prior PDE5 inhibitors. " 12/01/2004 - "Consequently, it is important to screen for hypogonadism in men who fail PDE5 inhibitors." 10/01/2009 - "A number of laboratory and human studies have shown the combination of T and other treatments for erectile dysfunction (ED), such as PDE5 inhibitors, to be more beneficial in patients with ED and hypogonadism, who fail monotherapy for sexual disturbances.The"
10.	Estrogens (Estrogen)FDA Link 04/01/1997 - "To assess the efficacy of estrogen antagonist therapy on the function of the hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular axis in a young male runner with significant morbidity attributable to idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. " 01/01/2014 - "A randomized trial of transdermal and oral estrogen therapy in adolescent girls with hypogonadism." 01/01/2014 - "The condition results from both physiologic (eg, hypogonadism, altered estrogen-to-androgen ratio) and nonphysiologic (eg, drugs, herbal products) causes. " 11/01/2013 - "Patients with hypergonadotrophic hypogonadism are prone to the development of SLE, and the use of exogenous estrogens in women increases the relative risk of SLE onset and disease flares. " 06/01/2013 - "For the management of hypogonadism, strategies using selective estrogen modulators have been increasingly utilized to maintain fertility potential. "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Hormone Replacement Therapy (Therapy, Hormone Replacement) 07/01/2008 - "The first-line treatment for late-onset hypogonadism (LOH) is hormone replacement therapy (HRT). " 06/01/2014 - "Apubertal adults almost invariably harbour organic hypogonadism, requiring sensitive acknowledgement of underlying personal issues and the timely introduction of sex hormone replacement therapy at more physiological doses. " 11/01/2013 - "To characterize hormone replacement therapy in a cohort of adolescent males and females with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (HH) with a focus on changes in management during the past 10 years. " 11/01/2013 - "Hormone replacement therapy in children with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism: where do we stand?" 02/01/2012 - "Hypogonadism was defined clinically based on the timing of secondary sexual characteristics or the need for sex hormone replacement therapy. "
2.	Bariatric Surgery 12/01/2013 - "This would have as a consequence that obese male patients with symptomatic hypogonadism could be candidates for bariatric surgery even with a BMI < 40 kg/m(2). " 12/01/2013 - "Hypogonadism as a new comorbidity in male patient's selection for bariatric surgery: towards an extended concept of metabolic surgery?" 02/01/2013 - "Re: hypogonadotropic hypogonadism in morbidly obese males is reversed after bariatric surgery." 12/01/2012 - "Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism in morbidly obese males is reversed after bariatric surgery." 10/01/2011 - "Thus, bariatric surgery is the most effective treatment of obesity-related male hypogonadism. "
3.	Injections 11/01/2004 - "The present study has shown that 1000 mg TU injected into male patients with hypogonadism at 12-wk intervals is well tolerated and leads to T levels within normal ranges, using four instead of 17 or more TE injections per year. " 01/01/2010 - "The objective of this retrospective study of male patients with hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism (HH) was to assess the outcome of fertility after induction of spermatogenesis by gonadotrophin injections. " 01/31/2008 - "Hormonal treatment of men with hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism comprises injections of gonadotrophins, administered by the patient in close cooperation with a specialist. " 01/01/2005 - "Serum T and E2 before and after repeated daily hCG injections in 23 adult men with clinically suspected or established primary hypogonadism were studied. " 08/01/1999 - "Blood levels indicating hypogonadism were more often observed in the 25 patients whose ARP was scheduled at > or = 3 week intervals than in the 18 patients with < or = 2 weeks between ARP injections. "
4.	Aftercare (After-Treatment) 07/01/2009 - "The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of sexual dysfunctions in TGCC patients 3 to 5 years after treatment, and relate findings to biochemical hypogonadism, treatment intensity, and the expected prevalence in the Swedish male population. " 01/01/2011 - "The rate of new biochemical and clinical hypogonadism was low one year after treatment." 01/01/1994 - "It is therefore concluded that although the prostate volume increases to almost normal after treatment, prostate function does not improve in most patients, indicating that in patients with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism fertility potential may remain low, even if they obtain normal seminal parameters after treatment." 05/01/1979 - "In order to elucidate the ultrastructural characteristics of the precursor cell of Leydig cells and its subsequent differentiation, testicular biopsies from two patients with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, obtained prior to and after treatment with HCG and HMG, were studied in comparison with those of prepubertal, pubertal and postpubertal testes. " 07/01/2005 - "Successful pregnancy in a woman with acquired hypogonadism after treatment with radiotherapy for cranial tumour."
5.	Transplants (Transplant) 06/01/2007 - "Complete remission of hypogonadism is obtained, in the majority of patients, by renal transplant. " 03/21/2012 - "Observation of a group of 60 patients affected by a primary hypogonadism and followed before and after a testicular transplant. " 03/21/2012 - "[The evolution of psychiatric troubles in patients suffering from primary hypogonadism treated by a testicular transplant]." 08/11/2011 - "Among patients who received a transplant, the only significant risk factor was hypogonadism (-0.88 ± 0.16 vs -0.10 ± 0.23; P = .04). " 02/01/2009 - "In patients who undergo liver transplant, bone loss is more pronounced in the first year post-transplant, consistent with aggressive medical therapy, immobilization and hypogonadism secondary to immunosupressants. "