Hypocalcemia

Reduction of the blood calcium below normal. Manifestations include hyperactive deep tendon reflexes, Chvostek's sign, muscle and abdominal cramps, and carpopedal spasm. (Dorland, 27th ed)

Also Known As:

Networked: 3408 relevant articles (99 outcomes, 226 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Hypophosphatemia
2.	Hypokalemia
3.	Hyperphosphatemia
4.	Hypercalcemia (Milk Alkali Syndrome)
5.	Acidosis

Experts

1.	Hendy, Geoffrey N: 13 articles (07/2015 - 03/2002)
2.	Bastepe, Murat: 11 articles (08/2015 - 03/2002)
3.	Rodriguez, Mariano: 11 articles (11/2013 - 05/2002)
4.	Payne, Richard J: 11 articles (12/2012 - 12/2003)
5.	Hier, Michael P: 11 articles (10/2011 - 10/2002)
6.	Jüppner, Harald: 10 articles (05/2015 - 10/2003)
7.	Black, Martin J: 10 articles (10/2011 - 12/2003)
8.	Raffaelli, Marco: 9 articles (01/2016 - 12/2002)
9.	Weber, Karl T: 9 articles (10/2014 - 09/2008)
10.	Fukumoto, Seiji: 8 articles (11/2015 - 06/2002)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Hypocalcemia:

1.	CalciumIBA 07/01/1983 - "These data show that calcium infusion for hypocalcemia does not provide meaningful improvement in cardiovascular function and is best avoided unless left heart function is closely monitored." 06/01/2011 - "It was found that a marked decrease in blood calcium, immediately after surgery, was a sensitive predictor of hypocalcemia. " 12/01/2015 - "With the implementation of the protocol, there was significant reduction in temporary hypocalcemia events (P = .008) and intravenous calcium drip (P = .49). " 08/20/1993 - "In the present study, we found that (1) bilateral lesions of the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus (VMH), but not those of the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus or the lateral hypothalamic area, eliminated immobilization (IMB)-induced hypocalcemia, and (2) electrical stimulation of the VMH decreased the blood calcium level. " 06/01/2011 - "Using intact PTH for symptomatic hypocalcemia and day-1 ionized serum calcium level for biochemical hypocalcemia will be helpful for the reliable prediction of heterogeneous nature of postoperative hypocalcemia."
2.	Vitamin DFDA LinkGeneric 07/01/1984 - "The hypocalcemia resolved following treatment with a vitamin-D analogue, T-cell number increased, and T-cell function improved, but both remained subnormal." 07/01/2015 - "In this study, our purpose was to investigate the potential role of vitamin D as a predictor of postoperative hypocalcemia. " 12/01/2001 - "No neonatal hypocalcemia was observed and no vitamin D overdose was recorded in this study. " 09/01/1980 - "In the standing debate whether epileptics should be treated prophylactically with vitamin D, the present study indicates that pregnancy in epileptics does not call for extra vitamin D supply, and their newborns do not develop more severe hypocalcemia than their controls." 08/01/2015 - "VDD was predictive for symptomatic hypocalcemia when patients had postoperative serum iPTH levels <15 pg/mL. Thus, preoperative supplementation with oral vitamin D should be considered to minimize postoperative symptomatic hypocalcemia."
3.	Parathyroid Hormone (Parathormone)IBA 10/01/2012 - "Intact parathyroid hormone (i-PTH) testing is a proven effective method to detect patients at risk for postoperative symptomatic hypocalcemia. " 07/01/1985 - "Under basal conditions Hyp mice manifested hypocalcemia and, in accord, had a plasma bioactive parathyroid hormone concentration (3.04 +/- 0.14 pg/ml) significantly greater than that of normals (2.16 +/- 0.14 pg/ml). " 10/01/2015 - "The aim of this study was to determine whether postoperative parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels predict hypocalcemia in order to design an algorithm for early discharge. " 04/01/2012 - "The purpose of this study was to evaluate if the measurement of peri-operative parathyroid hormone (PTH) is able to identify patients with increased risk of developing symptoms of hypocalcemia. " 04/01/2011 - "The goal of the present study is to determine whether a decline in the 1-hour postoperative parathyroid hormone (PTH) level relative to the preoperative level is predictive of hypocalcemia. "
4.	Calcitriol (Calcijex)FDA LinkGeneric 12/01/1996 - "High levels induced by the HP diet prevented both hypocalcemia and low calcitriol levels at each study point. " 08/01/2014 - "Routine use of this assay should be considered, as it could prompt the early administration of calcitriol in patients at risk of hypocalcemia and allow for the safe and timely discharge of patients expected to remain eucalcemic. " 07/01/2014 - "At 3 months, the girl was mildly hypercalcemic, with no supplementation, and at 6 months, she developed hypocalcemia and has since been maintained on Ca and calcitriol. " 07/01/2012 - "This decrease in FGF23 could be a response to avoid a subsequent reduction in calcitriol, which could exacerbate hypocalcemia." 01/01/2010 - "Time to correction of hypocalcemia for 1,25 dihydroxycholecalciferol versus placebo was 7.2 +/- 1.9 versus 11.5 +/- 3.4 hours respectively (p = .26). "
5.	MagnesiumIBA 02/01/1978 - "After the administration of magnesium there was a significant increase in the levels of circulating i-PTH in serum with a concomitant improvement in the hypocalcemia." 04/01/2008 - "To identify the cause of severe hypocalcemia and hypomagnesemia in a young child, and explore the efficacy of continuous subcutaneous magnesium therapy as a safer alternative to intravenous magnesium. " 09/01/1998 - "Randomized trial of magnesium administration to prevent hypocalcemia in infants of diabetic mothers." 12/01/1973 - "Studies were carried out to evaluate the mechanism of hypocalcemia in magnesium depletion. " 12/01/1973 - "Studies on mechanisms of hypocalcemia of magnesium depletion."
6.	pamidronate (APD)FDA LinkGeneric 08/01/2010 - "Hypocalcemia is a frequent adverse effect of pamidronate. " 01/01/2009 - "During hypocalcemia the slope of the restitution relation remained >1 and the magnitude of APD alternans was unchanged. " 10/01/2004 - "Besides asymptomatic mild hypocalcemia, there were no complications resulting from pamidronate administration. " 02/01/2003 - "We describe three cases of severe hypocalcemia following one injection of pamidronate. " 02/01/2000 - "Apart from transient hypocalcemia in two patients, no significant adverse effects of pamidronate were noted. "
7.	PhosphorusIBA 02/01/2013 - "In PTH KO and PTH-CaSR DKO mice, however, increases in serum phosphorus by dietary manipulation were accompanied by severe hypocalcemia, which appeared to blunt stimulation of FGF23 release. " 11/01/2012 - "Phosphorus assays were not informative in detecting hypocalcemia. " 01/01/2010 - "In the patients who developed hypocalcemia, there was a significant drop in plasma phosphorus on the first postoperative day and an increase (also statistically significant) on the second day, in relation to preoperative phosphorus levels. " 10/01/2006 - "These patients manifested hypocalcemia and raised SAP with normal serum phosphorus. " 04/01/2005 - "When serum phosphorus level is unfavorable a correct replacement therapy is mandatory to prevent the consequences of permanent hypocalcemia."
8.	PotassiumIBA 12/01/1997 - "Hypocalcemia and low plasma potassium levels were not characteristic in this study, suggesting that hypocalcemia does not play an important role in the initiation of LDA. " 05/01/2005 - "There was a negative correlation between the plasma potassium and iCa levels at 12 and 24 hours, and the maximum plasma potassium level was higher in the hypocalcemia group (minimum iCa level, < 0.9 mmol/L) than in the normocalcemia group. " 06/01/1958 - "The effects of induced hypocalcemia on myocardial irritability and conductivity; the use of disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate, with special reference to potassium depletion, digitalis intoxication, and digitalis-induced electrocardiographic contour changes." 01/01/2011 - "However, irradiation accelerates the leakage of potassium out of stored red blood cells (RBCs), increasing the risk or transfusion-induced arrhythmias from hyperkalemia and hypocalcemia. " 11/01/1956 - "[Hypocalcemia and edema caused by intestinal loss of potassium]."
9.	SodiumIBA 05/01/1994 - "High osmolality, inadequate sodium content and local transient hypocalcemia are thought to be the main mechanisms responsible for these untoward cardiovascular effects. " 05/01/1990 - "Smaller smolts showed stable plasma PRL levels after FW transfer, hypocalcemia 48 post-transfer, depressed plasma sodium concentrations, and lowered plasma osmotic pressure. " 01/01/1977 - "It is noted that rats with Heren carcinoma show alkalization of blood, decreased pH levels of the urine, hypokalemia, hypocalcemia, hypomagnesiemia, sodium and water retention, increased kalium level in the liver. " 07/01/2006 - "An 83-year-old Japanese woman was admitted to our hospital with severe hyponatremia (sodium, 108 mEq/L [108 mmol/L]), hypokalemia, hypochloridemia, hypocalcemia, hypophosphatemia, and hypouricemia. " 01/01/2013 - "Low magnesium, sodium and albumin were independently associated with hypocalcemia on admission. "
10.	Calcium Gluconate (CBG)IBA 11/01/2005 - "One to 2 g of IV calcium gluconate were effective for most patients with mild hypocalcemia; however, treatment of moderate to severe hypocalcemia with 2-4 g of IV calcium gluconate was often unsuccessful. " 11/01/2005 - "One to 2 g of IV calcium gluconate was effective in normalizing iCa for 23 out of 29 patients (79%) with mild hypocalcemia and 2-4 g was effective for 3 of 8 patients (38%) with moderate to severe hypocalcemia. " 07/01/2015 - "To avoid the risk of hypocalcemia, calcium gluconate was infused to the venous return line. " 11/01/2014 - "Amount of calcium gluconate intravenous used, hypocalcemia and duration of hospital stay did not show any significance." 11/01/2014 - "No significant difference was observed in amount of calcium gluconate intravenous use, hypocalcemia and hospital admission durations between titrated and loaded regimen groups, i.e., p = 0.160, 0.645 and 0.460, respectively. "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Thyroidectomy 01/01/2014 - "A single 1-hour post-thyroidectomy PTH level is a very useful way to stratify thyroidectomy patients into high and low risk groups for development of hypocalcemia. " 12/01/2015 - "A "safe and effective" protocol for management of post-thyroidectomy hypocalcemia." 09/01/2008 - "Use of BiClamp decreased the severity of hypocalcemia after total thyroidectomy compared with LigaSure: a prospective study." 07/01/1993 - "To our knowledge, there has been no previously reported case of long-term post-thyroidectomy hypocalcemia documenting undetectable parathyroid function and subsequent spontaneous improvement. " 12/01/2015 - "This study evaluates the outcomes of a protocol to manage hypocalcemia after thyroidectomy (TTX). "
2.	Renal Dialysis (Hemodialysis) 05/01/2012 - "Quiz page May 2012: Severe hypocalcemia in a hemodialysis patient." 02/01/2005 - "The results suggest that the therapeutic regimen is more tolerant and reduces Ca load in Japanese hemodialysis patients while avoiding hypocalcemia. " 12/01/1999 - "Experimental hypocalcemia induced by hemodialysis in goats." 02/01/1979 - "Spurious hypocalcemia in hemodialysis patients after heparinization. " 11/01/1969 - "Spurious hypocalcemia in patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis."
3.	Parathyroidectomy 02/01/2004 - "Parathyroidectomy effectively treats this complication caused by autonomous parathyroid hyperfunction, but profound postoperative hypocalcemia necessitates careful management." 01/01/2014 - "The aim of this study was to analyze the predictive value of biochemical parameters as indicators for episodes of hypocalcemia in patients undergoing parathyroidectomy for PHPT. " 02/01/2004 - "The purpose of this study was to evaluate the incidence and severity of hypocalcemia after parathyroidectomy and delineate its risk factors. " 08/01/2015 - "Following parathyroidectomy, the dog developed severe, prolonged hypocalcemia, but was successfully treated and discharged 32 d after surgery. " 08/01/2015 - "Pre-operative fibrous osteodystrophy and severe, refractory, post-operative hypocalcemia following parathyroidectomy in a dog."
4.	Hemoperfusion 01/01/1988 - "The combination of hemodialysis and hemoperfusion may reduce the risk of hypopotassiemia and hypocalcemia as well as increase in the clearance of the drug." 01/01/1978 - "In one of the uremic dogs the column clearance of middle molecules measured at 0, 0,5, 1, 3, and 6 h of hemoperfusion was 273,258,101,109, and 23 ml/min. The side reactions in group I and II hemoperfusion studies included transient hypotension, hypocalcemia, leukopenia and a reduction in platelet count." 07/01/1997 - "Procedural complications occurred in 3 patients who received hemoperfusion and consisted of bleeding diatheses and hypocalcemia. " 07/01/1983 - "Thrombocytopenia and hypocalcemia, the major complications of charcoal hemoperfusion, were easily treated. " 06/01/1983 - "The authors have analyzed complications in 395 hemosorptions in 189 patients with different diseases, burns being most frequent one associated with hypocalcemia resulting from great doses of heparin. "
5.	Kidney Transplantation 11/01/2015 - "Although transient hypocalcemia following kidney transplantation can occur, severe refractory hypocalcemia is uncommon. " 11/01/2013 - "Hypocalcemia immediately after renal transplantation." 01/01/1975 - "Hypomagnesemia, hypocalcemia and hypophosphatemia after renal transplantation in an 18-year-old patient is described. " 08/15/2011 - "Our data strongly suggest that refractory hypocalcemia after kidney transplantation in patients with low PTH levels can be successfully treated with teriparatide. " 08/15/2011 - "All patients had developed severe refractory hypocalcemia (calcium minimum levels: 5±1.4 mg/dL) early after kidney transplantation. "