Hypertrophy

General increase in bulk of a part or organ due to CELL ENLARGEMENT and accumulation of FLUIDS AND SECRETIONS, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells (HYPERPLASIA).

Also Known As:

Networked: 18194 relevant articles (623 outcomes, 1670 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Fibrosis (Cirrhosis)
2.	Hypertension (High Blood Pressure)
3.	Inflammation
4.	Hyperplasia
5.	Heart Failure

Experts

1.	Molkentin, Jeffery D: 46 articles (01/2013 - 03/2002)
2.	Karmazyn, Morris: 37 articles (12/2014 - 08/2003)
3.	Devereux, Richard B: 33 articles (08/2014 - 02/2002)
4.	Huang, Chih-Yang: 29 articles (07/2015 - 01/2002)
5.	Olson, Eric N: 29 articles (10/2014 - 01/2002)
6.	Wachtell, Kristian: 27 articles (08/2014 - 01/2002)
7.	Phillips, Stuart M: 26 articles (01/2015 - 04/2005)
8.	Sadoshima, Junichi: 22 articles (10/2015 - 09/2002)
9.	Fukunaga, Kohji: 21 articles (01/2014 - 12/2007)
10.	Hori, Masatsugu: 21 articles (03/2011 - 01/2002)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Hypertrophy:

1.	CollagenIBA 01/01/2015 - "One composition of PF corresponding to GelrinC™--a product cleared in the EU for cartilage repair--was found to be optimal for supporting chondrogenic differentiation of BM-MSC while minimizing hypertrophy (collagen X). " 10/01/2009 - "These phenomena were associated with a marked decrease in cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and collagen deposits in and around the cardiomyocytes. " 04/01/2012 - "Chronic treatment with SL, TM or SLTM also produced significant reduction in LV collagen levels, cardiac and LV hypertrophy index and prevented oxidative stress. " 07/01/2015 - "Improved cardiac compliance and chamber dilation in db/db Smad3+/- animals were associated with decreased cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, reduced collagen deposition, and accentuated matrix metalloproteinase activity. " 01/01/2013 - "XJEK therapy potently improved cardiac function, inhibited myocardial hypertrophy, improved cardiac pathology change, decreased the myocardial cross-section area (CSA), collagen volume fraction (CVF) and perivascular circumferential collagen area (PVCA), reduced the content of Hyp in the left ventricular tissue, inhibited the decrease of SOD activity and increase of MDA, Ang II content in serum. "
2.	Insulin (Novolin)FDA Link 12/01/1998 - "In addition to a reduction of arterial BP, optimal prevention of LV hypertrophy in hypertensives may require improved insulin sensitivity." 06/01/2005 - "HFD induced a hypertrophy-like cardiac phenotype, characterised by a higher basal contractile force, an impaired recovery from increased workloads and decreased insulin-mediated protection against Ca2+ overload. " 09/01/2010 - "These effects likely contributed to improved insulin sensitivity, in an obese model, via prevention of adipocyte hypertrophy and adipocytokine dysregulation." 11/01/2012 - "In vitro studies using rat and fetal sheep cardiomyocytes indicate that, in addition to its role as a clearance receptor, the insulin-like growth factor 2 receptor (IGF-2R) can induce cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. " 01/01/1998 - "The present study evaluates the growth promoting effect of insulin on the proliferative activity of cells from rat mesenteric arteries in culture in order to test the hypothesis that insulin may play a pathogenetic role in the hypertrophy of resistance vessels. "
3.	Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors (ACE Inhibitors)IBA 08/01/1999 - "In meta-analysis of the effects of different antihypertensive therapies on regression of LV hypertrophy, ACE-inhibitors have shown the best results." 07/01/2000 - "Long-term treatment with ACE inhibitors is effective in reducing not only LV volume overload but also LV hypertrophy in the hearts of growing children with LV volume overload." 06/01/1993 - "Clinical trials have demonstrated that ACE inhibitors can limit ventricular hypertrophy following AMI, resulting in clinical benefit and improved survival. " 11/01/2006 - "In conclusion, our clinical study shows that ACE inhibitors can induce LV hypertrophy regression and improvement of diastolic function also in the absence of any antihypertensive effect." 07/01/1993 - "Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors induce hypertrophy of renal juxtaglomerular cells in laboratory animals, and, in some studies, also produced renal tubular lesions. "
4.	Angiotensin IIIBA 09/01/2015 - "In vitro studies, we found that TAX concentration-dependently inhibited angiotensin II (Ang II) induced hypertrophy and protein synthesis in cardiac myocytes. " 08/01/2015 - "In this study, we investigated the role of TIEG1 in angiotensin II (Ang II)-induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and its underlying mechanism. " 01/01/2014 - "In the present study, we explored the effect of a bioactive peptide (PAP) on angiotensin II (Ang II)-induced hypertrophy and associated ventricular arrhythmias in in vitro and in vivo models. " 01/01/2014 - "In the present study, effects of ethanolic extract of Boerhaavia diffusa (BDE), a green leafy vegetable against mitochondrial dysfunction in angiotensin II (Ang II) induced hypertrophy in H9c2 cardiomyoblasts was evaluated. " 10/01/2013 - "The present study evaluated the antihypertrophic potential of the ethanolic extract of Boerhaavia diffusa (BDE), a well-known edible cardiotonic plant reported in Ayurveda against angiotensin II-induced hypertrophy in H9c2 cardiac myoblast cells. "
5.	Captopril (Capoten)FDA LinkGeneric 07/01/1990 - "At the end of the 6 months' treatment, blood pressure had dropped significantly in both groups, but echocardiographic criteria of hypertrophy improved only in the captopril group (intragroup comparison): blood pressure, thickness of the intraventricular septum and posterior wall, and the left ventricular mass index, respectively, decreased from 163/102 to 135/89 mm Hg (p less than 0.001), 17.4 to 15.9 mm (p less than 0.05), 14.5 to 13.4 mm (p less than 0.05) and 236 to 198 g/m2 (p less than 0.001). " 03/26/1999 - "Since captopril prevented hypertrophy but did not affect regional capacity, peak tissue perfusion was improved. " 05/01/1998 - "Captopril over the first 6 weeks after a first Q-wave anterior MI limited LV remodeling and hypertrophy and improved both systolic and diastolic function up to 1 year." 02/01/2001 - "[A study of the effect of captopril on prevention and treatment of hypertrophy and its mechanism]." 06/01/1998 - "This study demonstrates that captopril treatment during a critical period of development in the SHR leads to a sustained reduction in hypertrophy-dependent myocardial gene expression, which does not revert to levels seen in the untreated SHR after discontinuation of the drug."
6.	CalciumIBA 05/20/1993 - "Calcium antagonists have further organ-protective effects such as a reduction of left ventricular wall hypertrophy and a slowing effect on the progression of arteriosclerotic vascular changes." 02/01/2004 - "Calcium antagonist-improvement in the study of basic and clinical research: calcium antagonist and hypertrophy of the heart]." 09/01/2009 - "The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and composition of calcium crystals in human OA and analyze their relationship to disease severity and markers of chondrocyte hypertrophy. " 08/01/2006 - "Recent studies have shown that salusins improve calcium uptake and protein synthesis in neonatal rat cardiomyocytes, suggesting that salusins may be regulatory factors for myocardial growth and hypertrophy. " 02/01/1996 - "In general, the data described in this study support our current hypothesis: as smooth muscle cells enlarge (hypertrophy) and the cell volume increases, there is an increased dependence on the release of intracellular calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum to mediate the contractile response to field stimulation."
7.	Glucose (Dextrose)FDA LinkGeneric 03/01/2014 - "Administration of OA-NO2 for the final 6.5 weeks of HFD improved glucose tolerance and significantly attenuated HFD-induced RVESP, PVR, RV hypertrophy, lung XO activity, oxidative stress, and pro-inflammatory pulmonary cytokine levels. " 12/01/2002 - "Kidney hypertrophy was developed with increasing plasma glucose level, and glomerular hypertrophy was improved by 22% and 45% in SP- and RSG-treated rats, respectively. " 08/01/2015 - "Further study showed that HIF1a participated in regulating SOX9 expression in response to HG. This study revealed a novel regulatory mechanism of HIF1a-SOX9 in high glucose-induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, as well as the related molecular mechanisms. " 08/01/2015 - "Study on the mechanism of HIF1a-SOX9 in glucose-induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy." 08/01/2015 - "This study revealed that miR-196a acts as an important molecular regulator in high glucose-induced MC hypertrophy by targeting p27(kip1). "
8.	Losartan (Cozaar)FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/2015 - "The combined treatment of ASCs and losartan remarkably improved muscle regeneration and induced muscle hypertrophy. " 05/01/2015 - "Losartan increases bone mass and accelerates chondrocyte hypertrophy in developing skeleton." 10/01/2013 - "Tofogliflozin, but not losartan, attenuated glomerular hypertrophy. " 06/01/2013 - "Losartan reduced the hypertrophy with selective increase of the relative amount of C16:0 -ceramide." 06/01/2011 - "Ang-II induced hypertrophy and WISP1 expression in neonatal rat cardiomyocytes (NRCM), effects that were significantly inhibited by pre-treatment with the AT1 antagonist losartan and by WISP1 knockdown. "
9.	Messenger RNA (mRNA)IBA 06/01/1999 - "The present study demonstrates that the expression of cardiotrophin-1 mRNA is increased in the early stage of ventricular hypertrophy in SHRSP/Izm and it remains elevated after hypertrophy has been established. " 06/01/1999 - "The objectives of these studies were to determine if (1) hypertrophy-stimulated myogenic regulatory factor (MRF) mRNA increases occur in the absence of proliferating satellite cells, and (2) acute hypertrophy occurs without satellite cell proliferation. " 11/04/1997 - "In the present study, we investigated (1) the regulation of OP mRNA expression in cultured rat cardiomyocytes; (2) the localization of OP mRNA in neonatal and adult normal and hypertrophied rat hearts; and (3) the histology of OP expression in myocardial specimens from humans either with myocyte hypertrophy or with no pathological changes. " 12/01/2015 - "To address this question, we investigated the effects of altering LC3B mRNA expression and autophagic activity in the setting of cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. " 08/01/2015 - "HGI induced significant cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and decreased the expression of PPARγ, AKT and eNOS at the mRNA and protein levels, which occurred in parallel with declining eNOS activity and NO concentration (P<0.05). "
10.	Atrial Natriuretic Factor (ANF)IBA 11/01/2002 - "This protection was achieved in the absence of a significant reduction in LV weight, but was accompanied by regression of myocyte hypertrophy, as reflected by reductions in cell size and ANF expression." 02/28/2014 - "Moreover, Anxa6 mutants that failed to associate with pro-ANP hindered ANP-mediated protection against hypertrophy, which was rescued, at least partially, by WT Anxa6. " 12/01/1995 - "2. In the present study, we prepared an in vitro model of cardiocyte hypertrophy using cultured neonatal rat ventricular cardiocytes and alpha1-adrenergic stimulation, and examined the gene expressions of BNP and ANP during the process of cardiocyte hypertrophy. " 03/01/1994 - "This study shows that in the normal heart induction of ANP synthesis by endurance training is not associated with ventricular hypertrophy. " 04/01/1992 - "Atrial myocytes serve as the principal source of ANF under physiological conditions, although recent studies have demonstrated that ventricular myocardium may also synthesize ANF in models of CHF associated with ventricular hypertrophy. "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Resistance Training 01/01/2015 - "While current exercise guidelines recommend progressive, high-intensity resistance training (RT) to promote muscle hypertrophy and strength gains, controversy exists regarding the efficacy of lighter-load RT. " 08/01/2012 - "The mean ES for hypertrophy for strength training was 1.23; for endurance training, it was 0.27; and for concurrent training, it was 0.85, with strength and concurrent training being significantly greater than endurance training only. " 05/01/2012 - "Blood flow restriction resulted in significantly greater gains in strength and hypertrophy when performed with resistance training than with walking. " 04/01/2009 - "After the eight-week strength training period, isometric strength (+16%, p<0.01), muscular endurance (+84%; p<0.001), maximal power (+51%, p<0.001), muscular hypertrophy from slice 6/27 to slice 11/27 of both thighs (p<0.05), and functionality (p<0.001) improved significantly. " 04/01/2004 - "These data suggest that muscle strength and mass can be improved in the elderly with both high- and moderate-intensity resistance training, but high-resistance training can lead to greater strength gains and hypertrophy than can moderate-resistance training."
2.	Tonsillectomy 08/01/2006 - "Only one patient presented a reduction of less than 50% in AHI, but even so showed improved SaO2 min. Tonsillectomy treatment for OSAHS in obese patients with obstructive palatine tonsil hypertrophy caused a significant reduction in AHI, with improvement in SaO2 min. This procedure could be eventually considered as an option of treatment for obese OSAHS patients with significant tonsil hypertrophy when continuous positive air pressure therapy is not possible as the first choice of treatment." 01/01/2005 - "This study sought to determine whether unilateral tonsillectomy was effective in the treatment of chronic adenotonsillar hypertrophy. " 02/01/2011 - "Coblation treatment of partial tonsillectomy in children with OSAHS is micro-invasive, safe and effective, which is suitable for children of different age groups with hypertrophy of tonsils." 02/01/2004 - "Microdebrider-assisted PITA is a safe and effective alternative for children otherwise treated with traditional tonsillectomy for symptoms of OSA due to adenotonsillar hypertrophy. " 09/01/2011 - "The aim of our study was to elucidate the lingual tonsils hypertrophy as a cause of pediatric OSA and also to evaluate the efficacy of lingual tonsillectomy in relieving symptoms of the disease considering the peri-operative problems and management. "
3.	Ligation 01/01/2008 - "It remains undecided whether embolization of the portal venous system is more effective in inducing hypertrophy of the FRL than ligation of the portal vein. " 10/01/2008 - "Portal vein ligation is as effective as PVE in inducing hypertrophy of the remnant liver volume." 07/01/2006 - "Portal vein ligation is as effective as sequential portal vein and hepatic artery ligation in inducing contralateral liver hypertrophy in a rat model." 01/15/2014 - "In 2013, the preliminary results of the in-situ split of the liver associated with portal vein ligation (ALLPS) are promising with unprecedented mean hypertrophy up to 70% at day 9. However, the related morbidity of this procedure is about 40% and hence should be performed in the setting of study protocol only. " 01/01/2009 - "The present study examined whether two-stage portal vein ligation (PVL) increases hypertrophy of the future remnant liver compared to conventional PVL in rats. "
4.	Hepatectomy 02/01/2007 - "SBD is superior to TBD in promoting hypertrophy of the FRL induced by PVE and in guaranteeing good liver function before major hepatectomy." 06/01/2009 - "The purpose of this retrospective study was to evaluate the efficacy of right portal vein embolisation (PVE) in inducing contralateral liver hypertrophy before extended hepatectomy. " 04/01/2008 - "After 8 weeks, following hypertrophy of the cleared left liver, a right or extended right hepatectomy was planned. " 03/01/2012 - "A 57% hypertrophy of the FRV was achieved by day 7, and the right hepatectomy was performed on day 8. Our technique is effective and simple to perform and if corroborated in future studies, this technique would be of choice in 2-stage liver resection." 11/01/2005 - "The present study was designed to study the roles of proliferation and hypertrophy of hepatocytes in liver regeneration following hepatectomy in liver-specific STAT3-knockout (LS3-KO) mice lacking mitogenic activity. "
5.	Mammaplasty (Breast Reconstruction) 07/01/2003 - "Reduction mammaplasty is the best option for the treatment of breast hypertrophy and ptosis with benign diseases. " 03/01/2010 - "Vertical reduction mammaplasty using a superomedial pedicle is a well-accepted technique giving good results in mild to moderate breast hypertrophy. " 05/01/2001 - "The evidence suggests that women undergoing reduction mammaplasty for breast hypertrophy have significant postoperative improvement in preoperative signs and symptoms, quality of life, or both." 05/01/2013 - "The superomedial pedicle (SMP) reduction mammoplasty technique has been demonstrated as a safe and effective method of reduction in cases of mild to moderate hypertrophy. " 07/01/2012 - "To investigate the method and efficacy of reduction mammaplasty with central gland pedicle based on Würinger' s horizontal septum in the treatment of female breast hypertrophy. "