Hyperprolactinemia

Increased levels of PROLACTIN in the BLOOD, which may be associated with AMENORRHEA and GALACTORRHEA. Relatively common etiologies include PROLACTINOMA, medication effect, KIDNEY FAILURE, granulomatous diseases of the PITUITARY GLAND, and disorders which interfere with the hypothalamic inhibition of prolactin release. Ectopic (non-pituitary) production of prolactin may also occur. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch36, pp77-8)

Also Known As:

Networked: 3145 relevant articles (134 outcomes, 299 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Neoplasms (Cancer)
2.	Prolactinoma (Prolactinomas)
3.	Schizophrenia (Dementia Praecox)
4.	Breast Neoplasms (Breast Cancer)
5.	Weight Gain

Experts

1.	Colao, Annamaria: 14 articles (10/2014 - 06/2002)
2.	Yasui-Furukori, Norio: 10 articles (01/2015 - 04/2002)
3.	Lombardi, Gaetano: 10 articles (09/2007 - 06/2002)
4.	Binart, Nadine: 8 articles (05/2015 - 12/2010)
5.	Molitch, Mark E: 8 articles (03/2014 - 10/2002)
6.	Smirnova, O V: 7 articles (07/2015 - 11/2009)
7.	Klibanski, Anne: 7 articles (02/2015 - 08/2002)
8.	Pivonello, Rosario: 7 articles (01/2013 - 06/2002)
9.	Kaneko, Sunao: 7 articles (03/2011 - 04/2002)
10.	Baracat, Edmund Chada: 6 articles (12/2015 - 09/2006)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Hyperprolactinemia:

1.	Bromocriptine (Parlodel)FDA LinkGeneric 11/01/2012 - "The combination of Compound Xuanju Capsule and bromocriptine is highly effective in the treatment of hyperprolactinemia-induced ED, and its effect is even better than that of bromocriptine alone." 01/01/2015 - "Two weeks of oral bromocriptine treatment in postpartum SLE patients may relieve the disease from hyperprolactinemia and hyperestrogenemia and may be beneficial in preventing the patients from disease relapse." 09/01/2003 - "Oral bromocriptine for 2 weeks in postpartum patients with SLE may relieve the disease from hyperprolactinemia and hyperestrogenemia, and may be beneficial in protecting the patients from disease relapse and in reducing the usage of steroid and immunosuppressant." 01/01/1993 - "Six of 11 patients exhibiting bromocriptine resistance showed a significant reduction in the degree of hyperprolactinaemia but normoprolactinaemia was achieved in only 1. Galactorrhoea ceased in 2 of 6 patients, menstruation resumed in 6 of 11 patients presenting with amenorrhoea, and 2 patients conceived. " 01/01/1993 - "We conclude that both froms of bromocriptine are very useful for treatment of hyperprolactinemia but Parlodel LAR is better tolerated and more convenient in application because of its prolonged activity."
2.	ProlactinIBA 05/01/1979 - "It appears that during hyperprolactinaemia there are defects in both positive and negative feedback of oestrogen on LH secretion, and that prolactin suppression in such patients is highly effective in restoring fertility." 01/01/2015 - "The attempts to diagnose hyperprolactinemia based on a single prolactin assay failed due to a high percentage of false negative and false positive results. " 04/01/1987 - "the prolactin secreting capacity of occulted hyperprolactinemia was significantly greater than that of the normal women. " 12/04/1990 - "The number of drugs which suppress prolactin by acting on pituitary D2 receptors, and which are useful in the treatment of hyperprolactinemia, continues to increase. " 01/01/2014 - "In other conditions, except in case of macroprolactinemia, hyperprolactinemia is secondary to circumstances that stimulate secretion of prolactin by intrinsically normal lactotroph cells, or, rarely, that are the result of decreased clearance of prolactin. "
3.	Dopamine Agonists (Dopamine Agonist)IBA 01/01/1985 - "The concept of "transient hyperprolactinemia' is analyzed and alternative explanations for the positive results of dopamine agonist therapy in this particular condition are proposed. " 01/01/2014 - "A cross-sectional echocardiographic study was performed in a large group of patients who were receiving dopamine agonist therapy for hyperprolactinemia. " 07/01/2013 - "Our data support recent evidence that the serum PRL concentration is rarely >1000 mIU/l in males, or >2000 mIU/l in females, with non-functioning macroadenomas and that, once other contributing factors to the hyperprolactinemia have been excluded, a trial of dopamine agonist therapy for such lesions is indicated." 02/01/2012 - "This study investigated the differences in clinical and laboratory features as well as treatment response in 70 outpatients with macroprolactinemia and monomeric hyperprolactinemia treated with dopamine agonists. " 07/01/2003 - "A further study on non-operated Ménière's patients presenting hyperprolactinemia and on dopamine agonist treatment, is needed in order to assess the role of stress in Ménière's patients. "
4.	cabergolineFDA LinkGeneric 01/01/2005 - "In conclusion, the excellent therapeutic efficacy and the lack of adverse events with Cabergoline promotes its use as a first line therapy of hyperprolactinemia due to pituitary microadenoma." 03/01/1997 - "Cabergoline (CAB), a new, potent, and long-lasting PRL-lowering agent, was shown to be effective in tumoral hyperprolactinemia. " 06/01/1989 - "We conclude that cabergoline is effective treatment for hyperprolactinemia. " 09/01/2007 - "Predictors of remission of hyperprolactinaemia after long-term withdrawal of cabergoline therapy." 12/01/2013 - "Studies had to have assessed the prevalence, odds, or risk of cardiac valve regurgitation in patients who underwent chronic treatment with cabergoline for PD or hyperprolactinemia compared with patients with the same diseases whose therapy did not include cabergoline or another ergot-DA. "
5.	Risperidone (Risperdal Consta)FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/2013 - "We carried out a prospective observational study during a 3-month period that involved 11 patients with psychosis treated with risperidone-LAI who suffered from hyperprolactinaemia and who were then switched to PP. " 03/01/2010 - "This is the first study to link risperidone-induced hyperprolactinemia and SSRI treatment to lower BMD in children and adolescents. " 03/01/2010 - "The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of risperidone-induced hyperprolactinemia on trabecular bone mineral density (BMD) in children and adolescents. " 06/01/2007 - "Pharmacokinetics study for hyperprolactinemia among schizophrenics switched from risperidone to risperidone long-acting injection." 12/01/2015 - "This group of children and adolescents with or without isolated use of risperidone presented with a high frequency of hyperprolactinemia, although asymptomatic, and associated, when considering only females or both sexes together, with being a carrier of the C allele of the rs6318 SNP of the HTR2C gene."
6.	Antipsychotic Agents (Antipsychotics)IBA 11/01/2006 - "There is growing evidence that most of the SGA can offer advantages over first-generation antipsychotics within the effective dose range, such as improvement in negative symptoms and cognitive impairment, fewer extrapyramidal side effects, and less hyperprolactinemia. " 12/01/1998 - "There have been many efforts to develop novel antipsychotic drugs with improved clinical efficacy and reduced side effects such as extrapyramidal side effects and hyperprolactinemia. " 01/01/2015 - "The current study indicates that hyperprolactinemia is associated with an increase in markers of activated coagulation among men receiving antipsychotics. " 01/01/2012 - "This reviewed data have suggested that further well-designed randomized controlled trials are needed to provide evidence for the effects of different strategies to manage sexual dysfunction and/or hyperprolactinaemia resulting from antipsychotics. " 04/01/2010 - "Therefore, at our facility, focusing on metabolic anomalies due to antipsychotics, QT prolongation, and hyperprolactinemia, which have become issues in recent years, a prediction study on side effects was conducted. "
7.	aripiprazole (Abilify)FDA Link 01/01/2013 - "Adjunctive aripiprazole is both safe and effective as a reasonable choice treatment for patients with antipsychotic-induced hyperprolactinemia. " 01/01/2013 - "To compare the safety and efficacy of adjunctive aripiprazole versus placebo for antipsychotic-induced hyperprolactinemia. " 10/01/2010 - "Here, we report observations on five female patients who were experiencing symptomatic hyperprolactinemia and psychotic exacerbation while on antipsychotic treatment, yet improved in both conditions after being switched to aripiprazole monotherapy. " 02/25/2015 - "Conduct an updated meta-analysis of all randomized controlled trials (RCTs) about the efficacy and safety of aripiprazole as an adjunctive treatment for antipsychotic-induced hyperprolactinemia. " 02/25/2015 - "Using aripiprazole to reduce antipsychotic-induced hyperprolactinemia: meta-analysis of currently available randomized controlled trials."
8.	olanzapine (Zyprexa)FDA Link 05/01/2002 - "This study suggests that switching to olanzapine is a safe and effective alternative method for patients with antipsychotic-induced hyperprolactinemia associated sexual and/or reproductive dysfunction. " 08/01/2011 - "There have been few reports regarding olanzapine (OLZ)-related QT prolongation and hyperprolactinemia. " 10/01/1998 - "Olanzapine use in women with antipsychotic-induced hyperprolactinemia." 02/01/2008 - "Olanzapine appears to have a rapid onset of action for mixed and manic episodes, but is associated with metabolic side effects including hyperprolactinemia, diabetes and weight gain. " 06/01/2006 - "Clinically stable patients with schizophrenia, who had hyperprolactinemia defined as >18.8 ng/ml for males and >24.2 ng/ml for females, were randomized to: remain on current therapy (n=27) or switch to olanzapine, 5-20 mg/day, (n=27). "
9.	Pergolide (Permax)FDA Link 08/01/1983 - "The present study demonstrates the high potency, the good tolerance and the excellent efficacy of pergolide in the treatment of hyperprolactinaemia." 03/01/1990 - "It is proposed that, whenever TLE and hyperprolactinemia coexist, therapy with a DA agonist such as pergolide mesylate, resulting in normoprolactinemia, may be beneficial in TLE control." 09/26/1981 - "Preliminary evaluation of longer term treatment with pergolide indicates that this drug at a once-daily dose of 50-150 micrograms is a safe, well tolerated, and effective new treatment for hyperprolactinaemia." 04/01/1998 - "Serial dilutions of the serum disclosed hyperprolactinemia of 280,000 ng/ml, establishing the presence of the "high-dose hook effect." Treatment with pergolide (Permax; Athena Neurosciences, S. " 08/29/1987 - "[Treatment of hyperprolactinemias by pergolide mesylate]."
10.	quinagolideIBA 07/01/1991 - "We conclude that CV 205-502 is highly effective in the treatment of hyperprolactinaemia with concomitant restoration of gonadal function and prevention of galactorrhoea. " 05/01/1990 - "CV 205-502 is highly effective for the long-term treatment of hyperprolactinaemia. " 03/01/1987 - "CV 205-502 was an effective and long-acting drug for treatment of patients with hyperprolactinaemia in this short-term study and this new drug deserves investigation of its usefulness in long-term treatment." 02/01/2006 - "Therefore, as a well tolerated and effective therapy, with a simple dosing regimen, quinagolide should be considered as a first-line therapy in the treatment of hyperprolactinaemia." 02/01/2006 - "Quinagolide--a valuable treatment option for hyperprolactinaemia."

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Drug Therapy (Chemotherapy) 07/01/2010 - "Pharmacotherapy: Valvulopathy in patients treated for hyperprolactinemia?" 12/01/2007 - "Because most patients with macroprolactinemia are symptom-free despite hyperprolactinemia and drug therapy would not be indicated, macroprolactinemia should be suspected even in children to avoid unnecessary examinations and treatments." 03/01/2003 - "There are many causes of hyperprolactinaemia; drug therapy is a common cause in clinical practice. " 01/01/2001 - "The percent of patients who had PD in response to chemotherapy was significantly high in patients with pre-treatment hyperprolactinemia than in those with normal blood levels of PRL before therapy. " 01/01/1991 - "Dopaminergic drug therapy in patients with hyperprolactinemia that is difficult to treat."
2.	Radiotherapy 01/01/2012 - "Through this review, we aimed to compare efficacy and adverse effects of medications, surgery and radiotherapy in the treatment of hyperprolactinemia. " 01/01/2011 - "In HPD patients mean postglucose nadir GH levels were 0.11 ± 0.08 μg/liter without any difference between patients treated with neurosurgery and/or radiotherapy and untreated and between patients with and without pituitary stalk alterations and/or hyperprolactinemia. " 09/01/2001 - "MRI did not reveal any structural abnormality in the hypothalamic-pituitary region of patients who developed hyperprolactinaemia following radiotherapy for NPC." 09/01/2001 - "MRI was performed in 24 patients NPC with hyperprolactinaemia detected 10-52 months following one course of radical radiotherapy. " 03/30/1995 - "Hyperprolactinemia can be seen following high-dose radiotherapy (> 40 Gy), especially among young women. "
3.	Aftercare (After-Treatment) 10/01/2009 - "The patients achieving disappearance of the tumours and suppression of PRL levels during treatment are those showing the highest likelihood to have persistent remission of hyperprolactinaemia after treatment withdrawal." 10/01/2013 - "To date, no available data about hyperprolactinemia in Thai women has been published To determine clinical and laboratory findings of Thai female patients with different etiology of hyperprolactinemia, as well as the response of treatment, recurrence, and pregnancy after treatment. " 03/01/1998 - "However, BMD was slightly increased during treatment, suggesting that additional bone loss was prevented after treatment of hyperprolactinemia." 04/01/1995 - "Bone mass improves after treatment of the hyperprolactinaemia but does not normalize. " 09/01/2011 - "In conclusion, beneficial metabolic changes were seen in prolactinoma patients after treatment with DA agonists, underscoring the importance of an active treatment approach and to consider the metabolic profile in the clinical management of hyperprolactinemia patients."
4.	Homologous Transplantation (Allograft) 01/01/1993 - "Furthermore, the induction of hyperprolactinemia by pituitary homografts under the kidney capsule was also accompanied by a reduced incidence of cold-plus-restraint stress induced gastric lesions in aged rats. " 01/01/1992 - "The model of hyperprolactinemia induced by pituitary homografts under the kidney capsule has been used mainly in the field of reproductive physiology. " 01/01/1990 - "Hyperprolactinemia induced by pituitary homografts under the kidney capsule and the intracerebroventricular injection of PRL also potentiated the DMI-induced reduction of total immobility time of rats in the despair test and exerted "antidepressant" effects in aged rats." 04/01/1984 - "The effects of endogenous hyperprolactinaemia (HPRL), as induced by pituitary homografts under the kidney capsule, on core temperature (Tc) was investigated in rats before and after the application of restraint stress. " 01/01/1982 - "The influence of endogenous hyperprolactinaemia induced by pituitary homografts under the kidney capsule on conditioned avoidance behaviors of the rat has been investigated. "
5.	Oral Administration 05/01/1980 - "Short-term oral administration of TRH and/or the temporary hyperprolactinemia induced by its use do not modify the pituitary-ovarian function during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle." 01/01/2001 - "An infertile woman with an empty sella and hyperprolactinemia was treated with vaginal bromocriptine because of intolerance to oral administration. " 03/01/1983 - "Hyperprolactinaemia (HPrl) was produced by oral administration of sulpiride for 10 consecutive days; each measurement made on the sulpiride-treated rats was compared with that of control dioestrus rats. " 06/01/1982 - "We have studied the effect of the oral administration of 200 mg nomifensine (nom), a drug which activates the dopaminergic system, on GH and PRL secretion in 15 normal subjects, 18 patients with idiopathic hyperprolactinemia, and 17 patients with tumoral hyperprolactinemia. " 08/01/1978 - "Oral administration of bromocriptine lowers hyperprolactinemia dramatically within 4 h, correlated with 'shrinking' of the udder. "