Hyperopia (Hypermetropia)

A refractive error in which rays of light entering the eye parallel to the optic axis are brought to a focus behind the retina, as a result of the eyeball being too short from front to back. It is also called farsightedness because the near point is more distant than it is in emmetropia with an equal amplitude of accommodation. (Dorland, 27th ed)

Also Known As:

Networked: 872 relevant articles (76 outcomes, 70 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Myopia
2.	Astigmatism
3.	Esotropia (Esophoria)
4.	Presbyopia
5.	Amblyopia (Lazy Eye)

Experts

1.	Alió, Jorge L: 10 articles (10/2015 - 11/2002)
2.	Manche, Edward E: 10 articles (01/2014 - 01/2002)
3.	Schaeffel, Frank: 8 articles (02/2012 - 11/2002)
4.	Montés-Micó, Robert: 6 articles (04/2015 - 02/2005)
5.	Azar, Dimitri T: 6 articles (11/2012 - 05/2002)
6.	Dick, H Burkhard: 6 articles (01/2012 - 01/2003)
7.	Cavanagh, H Dwight: 6 articles (04/2007 - 07/2002)
8.	McCulley, James P: 6 articles (04/2007 - 07/2002)
9.	Bowman, R Wayne: 6 articles (04/2007 - 07/2002)
10.	Jonas, Jost B: 5 articles (11/2015 - 01/2007)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Hyperopia:

1.	HolmiumIBA 01/01/2005 - "Holmium:YAG LTK was an acceptable alternative for the correction of mild to moderate hyperopia in this middle-aged population." 04/01/1997 - "The role of patient's age in regression of holmium:YAG thermokeratoplasty-induced correction of hyperopia." 11/01/1997 - "Previous noncontact holmium (Ho): YAG laser thermal keratoplasty (LTK) studies on correction of low to moderate hyperopia have used treatment algorithms based on ten-pulse, variable-pulse-energy treatment parameters. " 10/01/1996 - "This study was performed to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of noncontact holmium: YAG (Ho:YAG) laser thermal keratoplasty (LTK) for correcting low to moderate hyperopia. " 09/01/1998 - "To evaluate the efficacy and safety of noncontact holmium:YAG (Ho:YAG) laser thermokeratoplasty (LTK) for treating hyperopia induced by laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK). "
2.	Atropine (Hyoscyamine)FDA LinkGeneric 08/01/1999 - "When adequate hyperopia is present in the sound eye, one should consider testing for fixation preference or initiating a therapeutic trial of atropine. " 01/01/2004 - "Regression formulae were derived relating uncorrected hyperopia and time interval following atropine cessation on distance and near acuity in children of amblyopic age range. " 01/01/2004 - "Atropine initially produced a linear reduction in logMAR acuity (blur) at distance of about 0.2 logMAR lines per diopters of uncorrected hyperopia. " 08/01/1999 - "Those children with insufficient hyperopia in the sound eye relative to visual acuity in the amblyopic eye can be spared the time, expense, and potential side effects of atropine penalization." 06/01/1999 - "In six atropine-treated monkeys, axial length and reduction of the initial hyperopia of occluded and nonoccluded fellow eyes were not different statistically. "
3.	Retinaldehyde (Retinal)IBA 12/01/2015 - "The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of increased macular or retinal nerve fiber layer thickness (RNFLT) in amblyopic eyes, find if the increased macular or RNFLT is related to the lack of response in amblyopic eyes, and to explore whether the increased central macular thickness (CMT) in amblyopic eyes is purely related to the hyperopia. " 11/01/2013 - "[Bilateral retinal folds and familial high hyperopia: a case report]." 03/01/2013 - "Visual outcome in isoametropic amblyopic children with high hyperopia and the effect of therapy on retinal thickness." 10/01/2008 - "Age, female gender, hyperopia and narrower retinal arteriolar diameter were associated with higher prevalence of ERM, after adjusting for age and/or gender. " 05/01/2004 - "In contrast, the brother remains hyperopia and has exhibited no specific retinal findings until age 18 years. "
4.	SiliconesIBA 07/01/2011 - "Silicone filling of pseudophakic eyes usually results in strong unilateral hyperopia and binocularity is severely disturbed. " 01/01/1996 - "After silicone oil extraction from the aphakic eyes refractive changes (shift towards hypermetropia, mean +5.86 Dsph) were less manifest than after silicone oil injection. " 09/01/1989 - "With organo-silicone gel as the balloon filling material, post-operative refractive changes of up to 4 diopters of residual hyperopia were achieved; accommodation changes were up to -1 diopter. " 01/01/1988 - "Phakic eyes develop 5-7 diopters of hyperopia when the vitreous cavity is filled with silicone oil, and this puts them in the same range as the silicone oil filled aphakic eyes. " 01/01/1988 - "Previously emmetropic aphakic eyes that are filled with silicone oil have only 4-6 diopters of hyperopia, whereas the same eyes have 10-12 diopters of hyperopia before insertion or after removal of silicone oil. "
5.	Mitomycin (Mitomycin-C)FDA LinkGeneric 11/01/2008 - "Topography-guided PRK with mitomycin C was safe and reasonably effective for the treatment of hyperopia after RK." 10/01/2015 - "One Year Outcomes of Photorefractive Keratectomy with the Application of Mitomycin-C in the Treatment of Mild to Moderate Hyperopia." 01/01/2012 - "In this retrospective single-surgeon comparative study, PRK with mitomycin C was performed to correct hyperopia using Bausch & Lomb 217z laser for 120 eyes of 60 patients in the presbyopic age group (mean spherical equivalent SE +2.38 D ± 0.71 D and mean age 52 ± 5.09). " 04/01/2012 - "Corneal wavefront-guided photorefractive keratectomy with mitomycin-C for hyperopia after radial keratotomy: two-year follow-up." 03/01/2010 - "To evaluate the safety of photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) with mitomycin-C (MMC) in eyes with hyperopia after radial keratotomy. "
6.	AmarisIBA 10/01/2015 - "Treatment of hyperopia using the sixth-generation Amaris excimer laser provides good results in terms of efficacy, safety, predictability, and visual outcomes after 3 years. " 04/01/2013 - "Eyes of patients with high hyperopia or hyperopic astigmatism (spherical equivalent [SE] ≥ 5.64 diopters [D]) had uneventful LASIK with an aspheric optimized ablation profile centered on the corneal vertex using an Amaris 500 kHz excimer laser and a femtosecond platform for flap creation with a temporal hinge. " 06/01/2011 - "Consecutive patients having bilateral LASEK with a Schwind Amaris laser for myopia, hyperopia, or astigmatism completed the Quality of Vision (QoV) questionnaire preoperatively and 5 days, 2 weeks, and 1 and 3 months postoperatively. "
7.	YttriumIBA 01/01/1997 - "To assess the safety and efficacy of noncontact holmium:yttrium aluminium garnet laser thermal keratoplasty (Ho:YAG LTK) for correction of low to moderate hyperopia. "
8.	PirenzepineIBA 11/01/2010 - "Pirenzepine did not alter the level of positive-lens-induced hyperopia in chicks wearing +10 D lenses compared with that in the vehicle control group (+8.1 ± 0.6 D vs. +8.9 ± 2.4 D, mean ± SEM; P = 0.76). " 11/01/2010 - "The most likely reason that hyperopia was not enhanced by pirenzepine treatment was that the rapid compensatory eye growth associated with positive lenses eliminated the imposed myopic defocus, and the clear retinal image prevented any additional hyperopia from developing."
9.	homatropineIBA 06/01/2011 - "Compared with homatropine, atropine uncovered significantly greater hyperopic SE in patients with hypermetropia (4.2 ± 2.5 D [atropine] vs 3.5 ± 2.3 D [homatropine]; P < 0.001) as well as myopia (-1.8 ± 1.4 D [atropine] vs -2.1 ± 1.4 D [homatropine]; P < 0.001). "
10.	ROPIBA 10/01/2014 - "Diagnosis of hyperopia (spherical equivalent ⩾+0.75 D) was equal in both ROP and no-ROP groups (p = 0.56). " 04/01/2012 - "Thus, the persistent hyperopic status across ages in patients with regressed ROP and in patients without ROP differed significantly (paired t test p > 0.05) from that in the full-term infants, with a reduction in hypermetropia noted for the first 2 years of life (paired t test p < 0.05). " 07/01/2004 - "Babies with mild ROP at the corrected age of 40 weeks have mild hypermetropia compared to the moderate hypermetropia found in term babies (a difference of 50%), and they have higher and steeper keratometric values. " 12/01/2008 - "However, the eyes that were treated for ROP showed little change in refractive error; with significantly less hypermetropia by the end of the study. " 04/01/2005 - "Twelve ROP subjects developed early ametropia, 10 myopia, and two hyperopia. "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Laser In Situ Keratomileusis (LASIK) 04/01/2004 - "Both cases showed gradual improvement in vision over several weeks, returning to best-corrected visual acuity of 6/6. Uveal effusion syndrome is a previously unreported complication that may occur following LASIK for hypermetropia." 04/01/2013 - "Laser in situ keratomileusis for high hyperopia using optimized aspheric profiles requires further improvement in terms of safety but was still an effective and a predictable procedure." 08/01/2005 - "Laser in situ keratomileusis was a safe and effective treatment with good predictability for the correction of consecutive hyperopia after RK. " 05/01/2002 - "LASIK-DTK bioptics for correction of moderate to high hyperopia (+5.00 to +10.00 D) was safe and effective. " 03/01/1999 - "LASIK provides good results for mild and moderate hyperopia. "
2.	Excimer Lasers 12/01/2014 - "It may potentially be a safe and effective alternative to excimer laser ablation for hyperopia because of the low risks of regression, haze, flap-related complications, postoperative dry eye, and higher-order aberrations.Clinical" 01/01/1998 - "Excimer laser keratomileusis in situ with the Keracor 116 appears to be an effective and safe procedure to decrease low and moderate hyperopia, but the predictability of the procedure needs improvement." 07/01/1997 - "This paper presents the results of the first human trial on the correction of hyperopia using an erodible mask excimer laser delivery system coupled to an axicon. " 07/01/1997 - "To prospectively study excimer laser correction of hyperopia, with a 1-year followup. " 01/01/1993 - "In this study, the excimer laser was used to correct hyperopia. "
3.	Lasers (Laser) 09/01/1998 - "The results of this study support the hypothesis that laser vision correction is safe and effective for treating low hyperopia. " 10/01/2006 - "This retrospective non-comparative observational study included 106 eyes (65 patients) operated with the Esiris/Schwind laser for hyperopia. " 08/01/2004 - "This assessment does not compare studies because many variables such as range of hyperopia, follow-up periods, lasers, microkeratomes, techniques, and surgeon experience have not been controlled. " 01/01/2015 - "Erratum for "Femtosecond Laser-Assisted Keyhole Endokeratophakia: Correction of Hyperopia by Implantation of an Allogeneic Lenticule Obtained by SMILE From a Myopic Donor"." 12/01/2014 - "To describe the technique of cryopreservation of corneal lenticules extracted after small incision refractive lenticule extraction (ReLEx SMILE) and initial results of femtosecond laser intrastromal lenticular implantation for hyperopia. "
4.	Photorefractive Keratectomy 08/01/1998 - "To determine the efficacy of 3 current methods used to remove corneal epithelium prior to photorefractive correction of hyperopia and to compare clinical data in patients who had rotary brush or blunt scrape epithelial removal in the treatment of hyperopic photorefractive keratectomy (PRK). " 05/01/1997 - "To assess the safety and efficacy of photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) to correct low hyperopia. " 03/01/2003 - "Endothelial cell studies in patients after photorefractive keratectomy for hyperopia." 03/01/1999 - "[A confocal microscopic and histological study on rabbit corneas after photorefractive keratectomy for hyperopia]." 09/01/1998 - "This study aimed to assess the efficacy and safety of hyperopic photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) and to evaluate the effect of degree of hyperopia, two epithelial removal methods, and various postoperative patient management techniques on clinical outcomes. "
5.	Corneal Transplantation (Keratoplasty) 09/01/2009 - "To evaluate the long-term efficacy and stability of conductive keratoplasty (CK) for low to moderate hyperopia. " 09/01/2009 - "Regression of effect over long-term follow-up of conductive keratoplasty to correct mild to moderate hyperopia." 11/01/2005 - "Using a modified nomogram, conductive keratoplasty for correction of residual hyperopia was effective, but predictability was not satisfactory and safety needs to be established." 08/01/2005 - "To assess the long-term safety, efficacy, predictability, and stability of conductive keratoplasty (CK) for the treatment of low to moderate hyperopia and to evaluate the impact of the procedure on the quality of vision. " 08/01/2005 - "Long-term results of conductive keratoplasty for low to moderate hyperopia."