Hyperopia (Hypermetropia)

A refractive error in which rays of light entering the eye parallel to the optic axis are brought to a focus behind the retina, as a result of the eyeball being too short from front to back. It is also called farsightedness because the near point is more distant than it is in emmetropia with an equal amplitude of accommodation. (Dorland, 27th ed)

Also Known As:

Networked: 1228 relevant articles (98 outcomes, 109 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Myopia
2.	Astigmatism
3.	Esotropia (Esophoria)
4.	Amblyopia (Lazy Eye)
5.	Presbyopia

Experts

1.	Schaeffel, Frank: 11 articles (01/2021 - 11/2002)
2.	Manche, Edward E: 11 articles (01/2014 - 01/2002)
3.	Reinstein, Dan Z: 10 articles (11/2020 - 08/2010)
4.	Archer, Timothy J: 9 articles (11/2020 - 08/2010)
5.	Alió, Jorge L: 9 articles (10/2015 - 11/2002)
6.	Khabazkhoob, Mehdi: 8 articles (03/2022 - 07/2011)
7.	Zhou, Xingtao: 8 articles (03/2022 - 05/2015)
8.	Mutti, Donald O: 8 articles (01/2020 - 03/2003)
9.	Hashemi, Hassan: 7 articles (03/2022 - 07/2011)
10.	Dick, H Burkhard: 7 articles (07/2019 - 01/2003)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Hyperopia:

1.	Mydriatics (Cycloplegics)IBA 01/01/2013 - "The IEP group had significantly greater hyperopia compared to the control group on cycloplegic examination. " 05/01/2017 - "Sensitivity/specificity and positive/negative predictive values were calculated for the Plus Lens test and Spot Vision Screener in detecting hyperopia as determined by the "gold-standard" cycloplegic refraction. " 06/01/2017 - "Comparison of cycloplegic refraction between Grand Seiko autorefractor and Retinomax autorefractor in the Vision in Preschoolers-Hyperopia in Preschoolers (VIP-HIP) Study." 12/23/2014 - "Searching several international databases, the review included population- or school-based studies assessing hyperopia through cycloplegic autorefraction or cycloplegic retinoscopy. " 04/01/2014 - "Stereoacuity testing (Stereo Smile II) was performed on 2898 children during study years 2 and 3. Hyperopia was classified into three levels of severity (based on the most positive meridian on cycloplegic refraction): group 1: greater than or equal to +5.00 D, group 2: greater than +3.25 D to less than +5.00 D with interocular difference in spherical equivalent greater than or equal to 0.50 D, and group 3: greater than +3.25 D to less than +5.00 D with interocular difference in spherical equivalent less than 0.50 D. "
2.	Retinaldehyde (Retinal)IBA 05/01/2022 - "To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study reported in the literature quantifying VD of retinal capillary plexus and CC in a group of patients with a diagnosis of CRF secondary to hyperopia." 12/01/2015 - "The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of increased macular or retinal nerve fiber layer thickness (RNFLT) in amblyopic eyes, find if the increased macular or RNFLT is related to the lack of response in amblyopic eyes, and to explore whether the increased central macular thickness (CMT) in amblyopic eyes is purely related to the hyperopia. " 01/01/2023 - "It is plausible that the electro-retinal signals may respond to the presence of absolute hyperopia (and not relative peripheral hyperopia), which requires further investigation." 05/01/2022 - "Quantitative analysis of retinal and choroidal vasculature in patients with chorioretinal folds secondary to hyperopia." 03/01/2021 - "[Retinal folds in hyperopia]."
3.	AtropineFDA LinkGeneric 08/01/1999 - "When adequate hyperopia is present in the sound eye, one should consider testing for fixation preference or initiating a therapeutic trial of atropine. " 12/01/2023 - "Atropine may be considered for children less than 15 years of age with greater than 5.0 D of hyperopia. " 11/21/2022 - "Atropine did not increase the ChT in hyperopia children, except at the nasal side." 01/01/2019 - "Conclusions: Atropine 0.5% revealed a slight significantly higher hypermetropia. " 01/01/2019 - "Within the interventions, with light-pigmented non-crying subjects as reference group (mean SEQ in atropine, C+C, respectively, C+T: +2.62 ± 1.41, +2.33 ± 1.20 and +2.32 ± 1.20D), showed significantly less hypermetropia in dark-pigmented crying subjects in each individual intervention: atropine -1.10 (-2.01 to -0.19), C+C -1.28 (-2.14 to -0.42) and C+T -1.34 (-2.20 to -0.48)D. "
4.	HolmiumIBA 01/01/2005 - "Holmium:YAG LTK was an acceptable alternative for the correction of mild to moderate hyperopia in this middle-aged population." 04/01/1997 - "The role of patient's age in regression of holmium:YAG thermokeratoplasty-induced correction of hyperopia." 11/01/1997 - "Previous noncontact holmium (Ho): YAG laser thermal keratoplasty (LTK) studies on correction of low to moderate hyperopia have used treatment algorithms based on ten-pulse, variable-pulse-energy treatment parameters. " 10/01/1996 - "This study was performed to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of noncontact holmium: YAG (Ho:YAG) laser thermal keratoplasty (LTK) for correcting low to moderate hyperopia. " 09/01/1998 - "To evaluate the efficacy and safety of noncontact holmium:YAG (Ho:YAG) laser thermokeratoplasty (LTK) for treating hyperopia induced by laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK). "
5.	SiliconesIBA 07/01/2011 - "Silicone filling of pseudophakic eyes usually results in strong unilateral hyperopia and binocularity is severely disturbed. " 09/01/1989 - "With organo-silicone gel as the balloon filling material, post-operative refractive changes of up to 4 diopters of residual hyperopia were achieved; accommodation changes were up to -1 diopter. " 10/01/2003 - "High-frequency ultrasound biomicroscopy of silicone posterior chamber phakic intraocular lens for hyperopia." 10/01/2010 - "In the acrylic hydrophobic group, 14 eyes needed hypermetropic correction and 7 eyes were myopic, and in the silicone group 10 eyes had myopia and 10 eyes had hypermetropia at 1 year postoperatively. " 09/01/2010 - "The aim of this study was to determine whether residual spherical and cylindrical errors could be corrected postoperatively in a non-invasive manner using ultraviolet irradiation in patients with axial hyperopia undergoing cataract surgery and implantation of a light-adjustable lens, silicone intraocular lens (LAL) (Calhoun Vision, Pasadena, CA). "
6.	AmarisIBA 10/01/2015 - "Treatment of hyperopia using the sixth-generation Amaris excimer laser provides good results in terms of efficacy, safety, predictability, and visual outcomes after 3 years. " 03/01/2016 - "This interventional case series study at two sites included 55 eyes (31 patients) with hyperopia (0.50 to 6.00 diopters [D]), with or without astigmatism (0.00 to -3.00 D), that underwent one-step transepithelial PRK with a Amaris 500-Hz excimer laser (SCHWIND eye-tech-solutions, Kleinostheim, Germany). " 03/01/2016 - "One-step transepithelial PRK with the Amaris 500-Hz excimer laser provided reasonable outcomes for the correction of hyperopia with or without mild to moderate astigmatism." 06/01/2011 - "Consecutive patients having bilateral LASEK with a Schwind Amaris laser for myopia, hyperopia, or astigmatism completed the Quality of Vision (QoV) questionnaire preoperatively and 5 days, 2 weeks, and 1 and 3 months postoperatively. "
7.	Mitomycin (Mitomycin-C)FDA LinkGeneric 11/01/2008 - "Topography-guided PRK with mitomycin C was safe and reasonably effective for the treatment of hyperopia after RK." 04/23/2019 - "LASIK-induced corneal changes after correction of hyperopia with and without application of Mitomycin-C." 10/01/2015 - "One Year Outcomes of Photorefractive Keratectomy with the Application of Mitomycin-C in the Treatment of Mild to Moderate Hyperopia." 01/01/2012 - "In this retrospective single-surgeon comparative study, PRK with mitomycin C was performed to correct hyperopia using Bausch & Lomb 217z laser for 120 eyes of 60 patients in the presbyopic age group (mean spherical equivalent SE +2.38 D ± 0.71 D and mean age 52 ± 5.09). " 01/01/2018 - "To compare the visual and refractive results of femtosecond laser-assisted LASIK (FS-LASIK) with and without the adjuvant use of mitomycin C (MMC) to correct hyperopia. "
8.	YttriumIBA 01/01/1997 - "To assess the safety and efficacy of noncontact holmium:yttrium aluminium garnet laser thermal keratoplasty (Ho:YAG LTK) for correction of low to moderate hyperopia. "
9.	PirenzepineIBA 11/01/2010 - "Pirenzepine did not alter the level of positive-lens-induced hyperopia in chicks wearing +10 D lenses compared with that in the vehicle control group (+8.1 ± 0.6 D vs. +8.9 ± 2.4 D, mean ± SEM; P = 0.76). " 11/01/2010 - "The most likely reason that hyperopia was not enhanced by pirenzepine treatment was that the rapid compensatory eye growth associated with positive lenses eliminated the imposed myopic defocus, and the clear retinal image prevented any additional hyperopia from developing."
10.	AluminumIBA 01/01/1997 - "To assess the safety and efficacy of noncontact holmium:yttrium aluminium garnet laser thermal keratoplasty (Ho:YAG LTK) for correction of low to moderate hyperopia. "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Laser In Situ Keratomileusis (LASIK) 06/01/2019 - "To evaluate safety and efficacy of Laser in situ Keratomileusis (LASIK) procedure for the correction of high hypermetropia. " 01/01/2019 - "FS-LASIK correction of hyperopia significantly improved patient satisfaction with both near and far vision in monovision patients. " 08/01/2005 - "Laser in situ keratomileusis was a safe and effective treatment with good predictability for the correction of consecutive hyperopia after RK. " 11/01/1999 - "It is demonstrated the LASIK is a safe and effective technique for the treatment of high and moderate hyperopia. " 03/01/1999 - "LASIK provides good results for mild and moderate hyperopia. "
2.	Excimer Lasers 01/01/1998 - "Excimer laser keratomileusis in situ with the Keracor 116 appears to be an effective and safe procedure to decrease low and moderate hyperopia, but the predictability of the procedure needs improvement." 07/01/1997 - "This paper presents the results of the first human trial on the correction of hyperopia using an erodible mask excimer laser delivery system coupled to an axicon. " 07/01/1997 - "To prospectively study excimer laser correction of hyperopia, with a 1-year followup. " 01/01/1993 - "In this study, the excimer laser was used to correct hyperopia. " 01/01/2021 - ": Excimer laser-shaped ACI offers an alternative treatment modality for patients with hyperopia. "
3.	Lasers (Laser) 01/01/2016 - "These results provide more perspective into this new treatment option for hyperopia, and evidence for future laser nomogram modification." 09/01/1998 - "The results of this study support the hypothesis that laser vision correction is safe and effective for treating low hyperopia. " 05/01/2016 - "The aim of this study is to establish and to prove a new lenticule shape for the treatment of hyperopia using a 500 kHz femtosecond laser and the femtosecond lenticule extraction (ReLEx FLEx) technique. " 08/01/2004 - "This assessment does not compare studies because many variables such as range of hyperopia, follow-up periods, lasers, microkeratomes, techniques, and surgeon experience have not been controlled. " 12/01/2022 - "This was a prospective multicenter trial including 374 eyes of 199 patients treated by SMILE for hyperopia using the VisuMax femtosecond laser (Carl Zeiss Meditec AG). "
4.	Photorefractive Keratectomy 08/01/1998 - "To determine the efficacy of 3 current methods used to remove corneal epithelium prior to photorefractive correction of hyperopia and to compare clinical data in patients who had rotary brush or blunt scrape epithelial removal in the treatment of hyperopic photorefractive keratectomy (PRK). " 05/01/1997 - "To assess the safety and efficacy of photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) to correct low hyperopia. " 10/01/2017 - "The aim of this study was to determine the agreement between Pentacam HR (Scheimpflug imaging, Oculus) and Orbscan II (scanning slit topography, Bausch and Lomb) in measuring corneal parameters after photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) for hyperopia. " 03/01/2016 - "Transepithelial Photorefractive Keratectomy for Hyperopia: A 12-Month Bicentral Study." 03/01/2003 - "Endothelial cell studies in patients after photorefractive keratectomy for hyperopia."
5.	Corneal Transplantation (Keratoplasty) 05/01/2023 - "To compare the changes in posterior corneal surface after small-incision lenticule intrastromal keratoplasty (SMI-LIKE) and femtosecond laser-assisted lenticule intrastromal keratoplasty (FS-LIKE) for hyperopia correction. " 11/01/2016 - "A 52-year-old woman with hyperopia had a previous conductive keratoplasty procedure and underwent a conductive keratoplasty re-treatment 6 months later. " 09/01/2009 - "To evaluate the long-term efficacy and stability of conductive keratoplasty (CK) for low to moderate hyperopia. " 09/01/2009 - "Regression of effect over long-term follow-up of conductive keratoplasty to correct mild to moderate hyperopia." 11/01/2005 - "Using a modified nomogram, conductive keratoplasty for correction of residual hyperopia was effective, but predictability was not satisfactory and safety needs to be established."