Hemicholinium 3

A potent inhibitor of the high affinity uptake system for CHOLINE. It has less effect on the low affinity uptake system. Since choline is one of the components of ACETYLCHOLINE, treatment with hemicholinium can deplete acetylcholine from cholinergic terminals. Hemicholinium 3 is commonly used as a research tool in animal and in vitro experiments.

Also Known As:

Networked: 28 relevant articles (1 outcomes, 1 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Bio-Agent Context: Research Results

Experts

1.	Hillert, Markus H: 1 article (10/2014)
2.	Imran, Imran: 1 article (10/2014)
3.	Klein, Jochen: 1 article (10/2014)
4.	Lau, Helene: 1 article (10/2014)
5.	Weinfurter, Stefanie: 1 article (10/2014)
6.	Zimmermann, Martina: 1 article (10/2014)
7.	Lahiri, Debomoy K: 1 article (11/2009)
8.	Ray, Balmiki: 1 article (11/2009)
9.	Simon, Jay R: 1 article (11/2009)
10.	Bansal, Aditya: 1 article (10/2006)

Related Diseases

1.	Amnesia (Dissociative Amnesia) 11/01/1992 - "Hemicholinium-induced amnesia was improved by vasopressin and desmopressin. " 11/01/1992 - "Lysine-vasopressin and oxytocin were without affecting hemicholinium-induced amnesia. " 01/01/1989 - "3. Some of the pyrrolidinone derivatives also prevent amnesia associated with inhibition of acetylcholine synthesis brought about by hemicholinium. " 11/01/1992 - "Pretreatment with a vasopressin antagonist, ([1-(beta-mercapto-beta,beta-cyclopenta-methylene propionic acid), 2-(o-methyl)tyrosine arginine]-vasopressin) resulted in a reversible effect on the improvement of hemicholinium-induced amnesia by vasopressin. "
2.	Hemorrhagic Shock 12/01/1989 - "The studies on the mechanism of action indicate that the ACTH-induced reversal of hemorrhagic shock (a) is an extra-hormonal, adrenal-independent effect, because it is not affected by adrenalectomy and is shared by many ACTH-fragments practically devoid of corticotropic activity; (b) is antagonized by morphine in a surmontable way; (c) needs the functional integrity of the sympathetic nervous system (it is prevented by guanethidine, reserpine, and clonidine) and the availability of peripheral alpha-adrenoceptors (it is antagonized by dibenamine, prazosin and yohimbine, but not by practolol); (d) requires the integrity of afferent vagal fibers (it is almost completely abolished by vagotomy); (e) involves central cholinergic networks (it is antagonized by atropine sulphate, but not by atropine methyl bromide; and it is prevented by the intracerebroventricular injection of hemicholinium-3); (f) is associated with a massive increase in the volume of circulating blood, likely due to a mobilization from peripheral pooling sites (it is largely prevented by splenectomy or by suprahepatic veins ligature, and is associated with a restoration of the venous blood flow in peripheral vascular beds and with a normalization of venous PO2); (g) is associated with a restoration of heart and spleen adrenoceptors, whose number is significantly decreased during hemorrhagic shock. "
3.	Ganglion Cysts (Ganglion) 10/01/1977 - "Changes in A and N in the ganglion during peripheral reflexes are increased after prolonged action of hemicholinium and chronic decentralisation of CMG." 10/01/1977 - "Hemicholinium as well as N--cholinoblocking agents, during first minutes of their application to the ganglion elicit A and N release both before and after preganglionic fiber degeneration, which indicates their postsynaptic effect on the cholinoreceptors. " 05/01/1974 - "The ganglion's ACh store was labelled by perfusion, during preganglionic nerve stimulation, with Krebs solution containing [(3)H]choline.2. Preganglionic stimulation (5 Hz for 20 min) of ganglia containing [(3)H]ACh released similar amounts of radioactivity when perfusion was with neostigmine-choline-Krebs or with hemicholinium-Krebs. " 03/01/1972 - "As the stimulus was increased, the EPSP increased linearly with the amplitude of the presynaptic response.4. After replacement of potassium ions in the bathing solution by caesium and during the early phase of post-tetanic facilitation there was an increase in the presynaptic response accompanied by a disproportionate increase in the EPSP.5. No changes in the presynaptic response were found in the presence of the following drugs, all of which depressed the EPSP: acetylcholine, hemicholinium, curare, further doses of ganglion-blocking agents, and high Mg(2+) and low Ca(2+) concentrations.6. Ouabain (4.5 x 10(-4)M) reversibly decreased the amplitude of the presynaptic response and increased the spontaneous release of transmitter. "
4.	Alzheimer Disease (Alzheimer's Disease) 06/21/1991 - "We examined the density and the state of affinity of [3H]hemicholinium-3 ([3H]HC-3) binding sites, a marker of the presynaptic high-affinity choline uptake (HACU) carrier, in 4 representative regions of 13 postmortem Alzheimer's disease (AD) brains, as well as in 12 matched control brains. " 08/01/1994 - "To overcome this problem, brain regions from patients with or without Alzheimer's disease were frozen within 4 h of death and examined for both choline acetyltransferase activity and for binding of [3H]-hemicholinium-3 to the choline transporter. " 12/19/1983 - "Sodium-dependent, hemicholinium-sensitive choline transport was measured in purified synaptosomes prepared from fresh necropsy brain of patients with senile dementia of the Alzheimer type and from control subjects. "
5.	Tremor (Tremors) 12/01/1986 - "Gallamine and hemicholinium produced tremor when injected into sites located near the ventricular system at either the MH or the PAG level, while vocalizations were only produced by PAG injections. " 03/01/1975 - "Tranylcypromine tremors differed from those of harmaline by exhibiting a slower onset, longer duration and susceptibility to antagonism by hemicholinium. "

Related Drugs and Biologics

1.	Vasopressins (Vasopressin)
2.	Deamino Arginine Vasopressin (Desmopressin)
3.	Cholinergic Agents (Cholinergics)
4.	Atropine
5.	Morphine (MS Contin)
6.	Yohimbine (Yocon)
7.	Reserpine (Serpasil)
8.	Adrenergic Receptors (Adrenergic Receptor)
9.	Prazosin (Minipress)
10.	Practolol

Related Therapies and Procedures

1.	Vagotomy
2.	Splenectomy
3.	Ligation
4.	Adrenalectomy
5.	Injections