Heart Murmurs (Heart Murmur)

Heart sounds caused by vibrations resulting from the flow of blood through the heart. Heart murmurs can be examined by HEART AUSCULTATION, and analyzed by their intensity (6 grades), duration, timing (systolic, diastolic, or continuous), location, transmission, and quality (musical, vibratory, blowing, etc).

Also Known As:

Networked: 180 relevant articles (2 outcomes, 8 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Xanthomatosis (Xanthoma)
2.	Dyspnea (Shortness of Breath)
3.	Pathologic Constriction (Stenosis)
4.	Renal Insufficiency (Renal Failure)
5.	Thromboembolism

Experts

1.	Vörös, Károly: 3 articles (03/2013 - 03/2011)
2.	Kanai, Eiichi: 2 articles (09/2015 - 04/2015)
3.	Ito, Tetsuro: 2 articles (09/2015 - 04/2015)
4.	Fujii, Yoko: 2 articles (09/2015 - 04/2015)
5.	Aoki, Takuma: 2 articles (09/2015 - 04/2015)
6.	Sunahara, Hiroshi: 2 articles (09/2015 - 04/2015)
7.	Sugimoto, Keisuke: 2 articles (09/2015 - 04/2015)
8.	Hungerbühler, Stephan: 2 articles (07/2011 - 03/2011)
9.	Saxena, Anita: 1 article (11/2015)
10.	Wakao, Yoshito: 1 article (09/2015)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Heart Murmurs:

1.	Anti-Bacterial Agents (Antibiotics)IBA 05/01/1995 - "He took some leftover antibiotics but was no better after 6 d, when a heart murmur and an aortic valve nodule were discovered. " 06/01/2007 - "We report the case of a previously healthy, 17-month-old boy not vaccinated against pneumococcus who, during the course of pneumonia treated with beta-lactam antibiotics, developed cardiorespiratory deterioration and heart murmur. " 05/01/2002 - "Best remembered for the heart murmur that bears his name, Flint was also responsible for advances in the diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases in the era that preceded the germ theory and the discovery of antibiotics. " 11/01/2000 - "Preoperative antibiotics were prescribed for patients with a history of rheumatic fever or any heart murmur or prosthetic hip. " 09/01/2014 - "The major reported conditions for prophylactic antibiotics among the respondents were diabetic mellitus, HIV/AIDS, history of rheumatic fever, other heart anomalies presenting with heart murmur and presence of prosthetic hip. "
2.	VancomycinFDA LinkGeneric 10/01/2008 - "Our case involves an adolescent who presented with several weeks of fever and eventual cardiac murmur and was found to have vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus growing as a vegetation on a previously undiagnosed bicuspid aortic valve. " 05/01/1995 - "Antibiotics effective against MRSA, vancomycin and flomoxef, were given intravenously, but a new heart murmur was detected. "
3.	Cholestyramine Resin (Questran)FDA LinkGeneric 05/01/2006 - "Ezetimibe added to ongoing low-dose cholestyramine therapy led to a marked improvement in plasma sterol concentrations, complete regression of xanthomatosis, resolution of carotid bruits, and improvement in cardiac murmur in a young female patient with sitosterolemia."
4.	SitosterolemiaIBA 05/01/2006 - "Ezetimibe added to ongoing low-dose cholestyramine therapy led to a marked improvement in plasma sterol concentrations, complete regression of xanthomatosis, resolution of carotid bruits, and improvement in cardiac murmur in a young female patient with sitosterolemia."
5.	ezetimibe (Zetia)FDA Link 05/01/2006 - "Ezetimibe added to ongoing low-dose cholestyramine therapy led to a marked improvement in plasma sterol concentrations, complete regression of xanthomatosis, resolution of carotid bruits, and improvement in cardiac murmur in a young female patient with sitosterolemia."
6.	flomoxefIBA 05/01/1995 - "Antibiotics effective against MRSA, vancomycin and flomoxef, were given intravenously, but a new heart murmur was detected. "
7.	pro-brain natriuretic peptide (1-76)IBA 01/01/2012 - "Median NT-proBNP concentration in asymptomatic dogs with heart murmur was 698.5 pmol/l (range 121-2614 pmol/l). " 07/01/2009 - "In dogs in which the intensity of cardiac murmurs was Levine 3, 4, 5 and 6, plasma NT-proBNP concentrations were 647.6 +/- 577.3 (n=27), 1,184.7 +/- 841.0 (n=18), 1,532.4 +/- 784.2 (n=10) and 1,461.8 +/- 932.2 (n=4) pmol/l, respectively, and were significantly higher than that in the controls. " 01/01/2012 - "The objective of the study was to compare the results of NT-proBNP measurements in healthy dogs and dogs with dyspnea as well as asymptomatic dogs with heart murmur with the literature. " 01/01/2012 - "[NT-proBNP as a diagnostic marker in dogs with dyspnea and in asymptomatic dogs with heart murmur]." 01/01/2008 - "The sensitivity of detecting at least moderate valvular disease by cardiac murmur, dyspnoea, or the heart failure marker NT-proBNP (natriuretic peptide) was 62% for the neurologists and 93% for the cardiologist but with equally low specificity (30-35%). "
8.	CreatinineIBA 05/01/1993 - "Morphologic patterns (Types I, II, and III) were compared with breed, age, sex, heart rate, percent fractional shortening, left atrial size, serum creatinine concentration, and the presence (yes/no) of pleural effusion, pulmonary edema, pericardial effusion, heart murmur, dyspnea, thromboembolism, hyperthyroidism, and being alive at the time of study. " 01/01/2013 - "Increased SBP (>160 mmHg) was observed in eight cats, submandibular lymphadenopathy in 32, gingivitis in 72, heart murmur in 11, thyroid goitre in 20, increased creatinine in 29, hyperglycaemia in 25, increased total thyroxine in three, feline immunodeficiency virus positivity in 14, crystalluria in 41, borderline proteinuria in 25 and overt proteinuria in two. "
9.	SASIBA 07/01/2010 - "Over the study period both the frequency of heart murmurs and diagnosis of SAS and PS decreased."
10.	Amyl NitriteIBA 12/01/1985 - "The results were as follows: The apical mid-diastolic murmur in HCM had a crescendo-decrescendo character mainly of medium frequency, and increased in intensity after the inhalation of amyl nitrite. " 10/01/1971 - "[Amyl nitrite test in the differential diagnosis of heart murmurs]." 01/01/1971 - "[Importance of amyl nitrite inhalation in the estimation of heart murmurs]." 11/10/1969 - "[The amyl nitrite test in the differential diagnosis of cardiac murmurs in childhood and in adolescence]." 03/01/1968 - "The bedside use of amyl nitrite for the evaluation of heart murmurs."

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Stethoscopes 04/24/2012 - "The aim of this study was to compare the sensitivities and the diagnostic capabilities of traditional and electronic stethoscopes in detecting canine heart murmurs. " 03/01/2013 - "The electronic stethoscope proved to be superior to the traditional one in excluding cardiac murmurs and especially in auscultation over the right hemithorax. " 03/01/2013 - "The statistical sensitivity (Se) in recognising cardiac murmurs proved to be 82% using the traditional stethoscope and 75% using the electronic one in the mean of the four examiners, whilst statistical specificity (Sp) was 99% by the traditional and 100% by the electronic stethoscope. " 02/01/2013 - "In addition to characterizing cardiac murmurs and time intervals, the electronic stethoscope holds promise as a convenient low-cost tool to determine HRV in the hospital and outpatient settings as a practical extension of the physical examination." 04/24/2012 - "The electronic stethoscope was more sensitive than the traditional one in detecting and grading cardiac murmurs being especially useful for I1 with less experience. "
2.	Prostheses and Implants (Prosthesis) 02/01/1999 - "A diastolic murmur of apparent aortic prosthesis regurgitation was heard, although an abnormal aortic valve function could not be demonstrated in the transthoracic echocardiographic study. " 07/01/1989 - "Colour mapping confirmed abnormal regurgitation in all aortic prostheses with early diastolic numbers, but regurgitation was also shown in 25 (29%) with no diastolic murmur. " 03/01/1985 - "Phonocardiogram: Mitral prosthesis closing click (MPCC) were recorded at all, the interval Q wave-MPCC was of 0.09 +/- 0.02 sec. The interval second sound-mitral prosthesis opening click (S2-MPOC) measured 0.10 +/- 0.01 sec. Mid-diastolic murmur were recorded in 8 patients (30.7%). " 09/01/1977 - "Early detection of mitral valve obstruction was difficult because a mid-diastolic murmur and absence of an opening sound was frequently encountered in normally functioning prostheses. " 03/01/1975 - "Diastolic murmurs associated with the Starr-Edwards mitral prosthesis have not been described previously. "
3.	Heterologous Transplantation (Xenotransplantation) 08/01/1995 - "An early diastolic murmur was heard in 57% of all aortic valve replacements (AVRs) 62.5% of homograft AVRs, and 52% of xenograft AVRs. " 10/01/1978 - "Diastolic murmurs across atrioventricular porcine heterografts indicate prosthetic stenosis until proved otherwise by full hemodynamic and angiographic studies. " 01/01/1979 - "Typical phonocardiographic features of a well functioning porcine heterograft in aortic position were considered 1) an opening snap of variable intensity recorded in about 50% of the patients; 2) a normal closing sound; 3) a protosystolic ejection murmur which was always present and whose intensity was inversely related to the prosthesis size; and 4) the absence of a diastolic murmur. "
4.	Renal Dialysis (Hemodialysis) 10/01/1985 - "To study the transient diastolic murmur associated with renal failure, we used Doppler echocardiography to characterize flow across the semilunar valves in 10 patients on chronic hemodialysis with a diastolic murmur (group A), 26 patients on chronic hemodialysis without murmurs (group B), and 15 healthy persons (group C). " 08/01/1980 - "Coronary bypass-graft stenosis causing diastolic murmur in a patient on hemodialysis." 10/01/1999 - "These last 7 patients developed renal failure requiring hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis in 5 and subsequent renal transplantation in 4. All presented with cardiac murmur(s) and some with dyspnea or palpitations. "
5.	Cathode Ray Tube 12/01/1956 - "Study by cathode-ray oscillography of some innocent and pathologic cardiac murmurs of children."