Cardiomegaly (Heart Hypertrophy)

Enlargement of the HEART, usually indicated by a cardiothoracic ratio above 0.50. Heart enlargement may involve the right, the left, or both HEART VENTRICLES or HEART ATRIA. Cardiomegaly is a nonspecific symptom seen in patients with chronic systolic heart failure (HEART FAILURE) or several forms of CARDIOMYOPATHIES.

Also Known As:

Networked: 6204 relevant articles (301 outcomes, 751 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Fibrosis (Cirrhosis)
2.	Hypertension (High Blood Pressure)
3.	Heart Failure
4.	Body Weight (Weight, Body)
5.	Hypertrophy

Experts

1.	Molkentin, Jeffery D: 45 articles (01/2015 - 03/2002)
2.	Li, Hongliang: 31 articles (01/2016 - 03/2009)
3.	Olson, Eric N: 31 articles (10/2014 - 01/2002)
4.	Zhang, Yan: 29 articles (12/2015 - 08/2006)
5.	Komuro, Issei: 29 articles (01/2015 - 01/2002)
6.	Sadoshima, Junichi: 26 articles (11/2014 - 05/2002)
7.	Ren, Jun: 25 articles (08/2015 - 07/2003)
8.	Zou, Yunzeng: 25 articles (08/2015 - 01/2002)
9.	Bian, Zhou-Yan: 23 articles (01/2016 - 03/2009)
10.	Huang, Chih-Yang: 22 articles (07/2015 - 11/2004)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Cardiomegaly:

1.	Angiotensin IIIBA 09/04/2015 - "Transverse aortic constriction and angiotensin-II (Ang-II) infusion in wild type (WT) mice resulted in cardiac hypertrophy characterized by significant reduction in fractional shortening, ejection fraction, and a reduced expression of Cav-3. " 01/01/1996 - "However, blockade of the renin-angiotensin system with an angiotensin II subtype 1-receptor antagonist is also effective in preventing cardiac hypertrophy and neointimal proliferation after endothelial injury. " 01/01/2012 - "CR provides powerful, blood pressure-independent, protection against angiotensin II-induced mitochondrial remodeling and cardiac hypertrophy. " 05/01/2011 - "Up-regulation of p27(kip1) contributes to Nrf2-mediated protection against angiotensin II-induced cardiac hypertrophy." 07/01/2015 - "In the present study, an in vitro model was established, using 1 µM angiotensin II (Ang II) in cultured rat cardiac H9c2 cells, to observe the effects of DIM on cardiac hypertrophy. "
2.	Captopril (Capoten)FDA LinkGeneric 03/01/2010 - "Data show that PostC protection against infarct size is blunted in SHR and that PostC is unable to add its protective effect to those of chronic Captopril, which per se reduces cardiac hypertrophy and heart susceptibility to I/R insult." 06/01/1997 - "Captopril improved the renal function of hyperthyroid rats, but did not affect the relative cardiac hypertrophy of these animals." 03/01/2011 - "Thus, it seems that regression of cardiac hypertrophy by captopril improved I(Ca,L) partly through PI3K." 09/01/2010 - "These findings demonstrate improved myocardial function and regression of cardiac hypertrophy, and identify many HF related gene sets altered with phenylbutyrate and captopril treatment, but not captopril alone. " 08/01/2007 - "Allylmercaptocaptopril, but not captopril, improved cardiac hypertrophy, as indicated by heart weight and ventricular-wall thickness. "
3.	Atrial Natriuretic Factor (ANF)IBA 01/01/2008 - "In the present study, we tested for any association between two SNPs (single nucleotide polymorphisms) in the ANP gene (one in the promoter and one exonic) with cardiac hypertrophy. " 06/01/2006 - "Through employment of an AT2 antagonist, the present study explored a possible involvement of the AT2 receptor during salt-induced cardiac hypertrophy in the proatrial natriuretic peptide gene-disrupted mouse (ANP-/-). " 03/01/2004 - "Previous studies suggest that atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) may act as an autocrine/paracrine factor to modulate cardiac hypertrophy in response to various stimuli. " 06/01/1994 - "To our knowledge this is the first study to demonstrate topographical changes in ventricular ANP expression in response to the development and reversal of cardiac hypertrophy.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)" 12/01/2015 - "Physical measurement recordings and histological analyses demonstrated peak cardiac hypertrophy occurring at 14 days postpartum in both ANP(+/+) and ANP(-/-) dams with little to no change during pregnancy. "
4.	CollagenIBA 12/01/2015 - "In both cases significant reduction in collagen synthesis was observed revealing the Hsp90/Cdc37 complex as an integral profibrotic component of TGFβ signaling during cardiac hypertrophy. " 01/01/2013 - "Additionally, in vivo echocardiography revealed cardiac hypertrophy and improved systolic performance in HD compared to CD; and while cardiomyocyte size was unchanged by diet, nuclear volume and collagen interstitial fraction both increased in HD. " 08/01/2000 - "The relationship between collagen metabolism in hypertensive subjects, especially in those with cardiac hypertrophy, and the effects of treatment needs to be further explored in larger trials over a longer period of time." 10/01/1998 - "In the present study, we have investigated the effect of this drug on cardiac hypertrophy in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), with a focus on the cardiac collagen matrix, which is associated with myocardial stiffness. " 08/01/1993 - "Previous studies in several different species have shown reduced extractability of collagens in some types of cardiac hypertrophy (volume overload) but not others (pressure overload). "
5.	Losartan (Cozaar)FDA LinkGeneric 08/01/1997 - "Determination of cardiac mass and cardiac function revealed that losartan treatment was associated with attenuated cardiac hypertrophy and improved left ventricular (LV) function in experimental animals. " 11/01/2003 - "1. In the present study, the effects of losartan on myocardial gene expression changes following cardiac hypertrophy were investigated. " 06/01/2015 - "The results suggest that necroptosis occurrs in the process of cardiac hypertrophy with pressure overload, and losartan could alleviate the cardiac hypertrophy and inhibit necroptosis." 03/01/2015 - "Losartan treatment completely prevented post-MI cardiac hypertrophy. " 01/01/2014 - "The undernourished rats presented expanded plasma volume, increased heart rate, cardiac hypertrophy, and elevated systolic pressure, which also returned to control levels with Losartan. "
6.	Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors (ACE Inhibitors)IBA 09/01/1999 - "The efficacy of ACE inhibitors on pressure-induced cardiac hypertrophy depends not only on an inhibitory effect on cardiac ACE activity, but also on other actions such as their effect on left ventricular end diastolic pressure." 04/01/2015 - "However, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system blockade by the angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEi) can only partially reverse the cardiac hypertrophy without having a significant impact on all-cause mortality as evidenced by meta-analyses from clinical trials. " 01/01/1987 - "Several studies in hypertensive humans and experimental animals have documented the effectiveness of ACE inhibitors in reducing cardiac hypertrophy. " 12/01/2007 - "It has also been reported that angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) regressed cardiac hypertrophy in some animal and human models. " 10/01/2004 - "These abnormalities were normalized by long-term treatment with pharmacological agents acting on the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), such as angiotensin converting-enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin-AT(1) receptor antagonists, that also lowered blood pressure to control levels and reversed cardiac hypertrophy. "
7.	Isoproterenol (Isoprenaline)FDA LinkGeneric 07/01/2015 - "Our aim in this study was to see the combination effect of these two drugs against Isoproterenol-induced cardiac hypertrophy in rats. " 01/01/2015 - "The present study was designed to investigate the effect of pretreatment with SIM on isoproterenol (ISO)-induced cardiac hypertrophy in rats. " 01/01/2015 - "In this study, we evaluated ET effects on isoproterenol (ISO)-induced cardiac hypertrophy in female mice. " 01/01/2015 - "In this study, we found that Ngb is expressed in rat heart tissues and it is related to isoproterenol induced cardiac hypertrophy. " 01/01/2014 - "The present study investigated whether CaR played a role in cardiac fibroblast proliferation and extracellular matrix (ECM) secretion, both in cultured rat neonatal cardiac fibroblasts and in a model of cardiac hypertrophy induced by isoproterenol (ISO). "
8.	Messenger RNA (mRNA)IBA 06/01/2002 - "This study is the first to demonstrate changes in mRNA levels of HCN2, HCN4, and ClC-3 in cardiac hypertrophy induced by abdominal aortic banding. " 08/01/2001 - "The present study examined whether this pattern of mRNA expression was conserved in a physiological model of cardiac hypertrophy. " 11/22/1995 - "Our study demonstrates that cardiac hypertrophy is associated with significant increase in the mRNA level of the fetal isoform, with the reversion of fetal:adult isoform ratio to the fetal phenotype. " 10/01/1994 - "This study was designed to quantitate cardiac mRNA levels encoding components of the local renin-angiotensin system during the development of volume overload-induced cardiac hypertrophy. " 09/01/1993 - "In the present study, we report the regulation of cardiac AT1 type A (AT1A) receptor mRNA levels and the expression pattern of AT1 and AT2 receptors in the growth of the heart and the development and regression of cardiac hypertrophy. "
9.	Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A (Angiotensin Converting Enzyme)IBA 09/01/1999 - "Pharmacological studies have established that a blockade of the RAS at the level of the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) or the AT1-receptor ameliorates the remodeling process of the heart and prolongs long-term survival in animal models of cardiac hypertrophy and failure. " 07/01/2010 - "Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) is associated with the development of cardiac hypertrophy and improved physical fitness. " 07/01/2004 - "The study aim was to examine the relationship between angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) I/D polymorphism and the degree of cardiac hypertrophy in patients with AS. " 11/01/2014 - "Angiotensin converting enzyme activity was measured by ELISA, and cardiac hypertrophy was evaluated by morphometric analysis. " 11/27/2006 - "Here we evaluated whether increasing dosage of the angiotensin I converting enzyme (Ace) gene influence exercise-induced cardiac hypertrophy. "
10.	AdiponectinIBA 02/07/2014 - "However, the effect of adiponectin on β-catenin signaling has not been investigated in cardiac hypertrophy. " 02/01/2011 - "There was modest cardiac hypertrophy with aortic banding, but no cardiac dysfunction or effects of adiponectin deficiency or diet. " 01/01/2010 - "Adiponectin, an adipocyte-derived polypeptide, suppresses cardiac hypertrophy in response to pressure overload. " 10/25/2007 - "Phosphorylation of AMPK induced by adiponectin inhibits protein synthesis, and may be an adaptive response to pathological cardiac hypertrophy. " 03/01/2007 - "Pressure overload in adiponectin-deficient mice results in enhanced concentric cardiac hypertrophy and increased mortality, suggesting that adiponectin inhibits hypertrophic signaling in the myocardium. "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Aftercare (After-Treatment) 02/01/2013 - "When MSC-HIF were intramyocardially injected in infarcted nude rats, significant improvement was found (after treatment of infarcted rats with MSC-HIF) in terms of cardiac function, angiogenesis, cardiomyocyte proliferation, and reduction of fibrotic tissue with no induction of cardiac hypertrophy. " 03/01/2010 - "After treatment with BNP (5 or 15 microg/kg per day) for 8 weeks, indices of cardiac hypertrophy were determined. " 12/01/2007 - "After treatment with GCIP-27 (10-100 microg/L) for 15 or 20 days, indices of cardiac hypertrophy were measured. " 01/01/2005 - "However, the expression of HIF-1alpha in cardiac hypertrophy due to pressure overload and after treatment with beta-blocker is little known. " 06/01/1995 - "There was no morphologic or biochemical evidence of myocyte injury, and cardiac hypertrophy rapidly reversed after treatment was discontinued. "
2.	Transplants (Transplant) 10/01/2013 - "Access flow reduction markedly improved kidney graft function along with reversion of cardiomegaly, which was impressively demonstrated by follow-up chest-x-rays. " 03/01/1990 - "In these studies, SHR grafts did not grow larger than WKY heart grafts and did not show an increased intrinsic beating rate, suggesting that the cardiac hypertrophy and increased intrinsic beating rate observed in intact SHR are unlikely to result from direct genetic programming." 04/01/2004 - "Cardiac hypertrophy frequently is found in children with a renal transplant. " 08/01/1999 - "By univariate and multivariate analysis, patient survival, censored at the time of graft loss, correlated with these pre-transplant variables: age (p < 0.0001); diabetes (p = 0.0002); history of cigarette smoking (p = 0.004); time on dialysis prior to the transplant (p = 0.0005); and cardiomegaly by chest X-ray (p = 0.0005). " 02/01/1988 - "We conclude that the radiographs of infants who have received heart transplants show an unusual cardiac contour and slight cardiomegaly. "
3.	Ligation 01/01/2014 - "Cardiac hypertrophy was induced by the ligation of abdominal aorta in male Wistar rats. " 01/20/2012 - "For the in vitro model, IL-6-treated cultured cardiac fibroblasts were used, whereas the in vivo cardiac hypertrophy model was generated by renal artery ligation in adult male Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus). " 01/01/2012 - "Cardiac hypertrophy was induced by pressure overload produced by partial ligation of the abdominal aorta. " 03/01/2010 - "2. Cardiac hypertrophy was established in rats by ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery. " 10/01/2003 - "The placement of a ligature to constrict the transverse aorta has become a standard procedure to induce cardiac hypertrophy in mice. "
4.	Homologous Transplantation (Allograft) 03/01/1990 - "These data suggest 1) the magnitude of the cyclic variation in IB of the septum is different in cardiac allografts with cardiac hypertrophy and normal subjects, possibly reflecting regionally depressed myocardial contractile performance and 2) acute cardiac rejection in humans is accompanied by an alteration in the acoustic properties of the myocardium. " 09/01/2012 - "Conversion from CNI to SRL in RTRs with allograft dysfunction proved to be associated with better survival, improved renal graft function and regression of cardiac hypertrophy." 04/01/2009 - "After 9 years heart failure reappeared due to native heart enlargement leading to allograft compression. " 08/01/1998 - "Radiographic cardiomegaly in heart transplant recipients does not connote allograft dysfunction or heart failure." 02/03/2006 - "This article reviews the amazing recent evidence implicating Egr-1 in atherosclerosis, intimal thickening after acute vascular injury, ischemic pathology, angiogenesis, allograft rejection, and cardiac hypertrophy."
5.	Renal Dialysis (Hemodialysis) 03/01/2002 - "In this study, we examined the effect of cardiomegaly detected on chest roentgenogram or electrocardiogram before initiating hemodialysis therapy on survival after introduction to maintenance hemodialysis. " 01/01/2014 - "Circulating MiR-133a as a biomarker predicts cardiac hypertrophy in chronic hemodialysis patients." 04/01/2008 - "The radial AIx is closely associated with aortic calcification, cardiac hypertrophy, and a history of cardiovascular accidents in hemodialysis patients, and could be a useful marker for management of these patients." 01/01/2006 - "Effects of short daily hemodialysis and extended standard hemodialysis on blood pressure and cardiac hypertrophy: a comparative study." 05/01/2005 - "Persistent elevation of CRP, which is an independent risk factor for EF, LVMI and IVST, may predict cardiac hypertrophy and dysfunction in patients maintained on hemodialysis."