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Headache (Headaches)

The symptom of PAIN in the cranial region. It may be an isolated benign occurrence or manifestation of a wide variety of HEADACHE DISORDERS.

Also Known As:

Headaches; Cephalalgia; Hemicrania; Throbbing Headache; Head Pains; Bilateral Headache; Cephalodynia; Cranial Pain; Generalized Headache; Head Pain; Ocular Headache; Orthostatic Headache; Periorbital Headache; Retro-Ocular Headache; Sharp Headache; Unilateral Headache; Vertex Headache; Bilateral Headaches; Cephalalgias; Cephalgias; Cephalodynias; Cranial Pains; Generalized Headaches; Headache, Bilateral; Headache, Generalized; Headache, Ocular; Headache, Orthostatic; Headache, Periorbital; Headache, Retro-Ocular; Headache, Sharp; Headache, Throbbing; Headache, Unilateral; Headache, Vertex; Headaches, Bilateral; Headaches, Generalized; Headaches, Ocular; Headaches, Orthostatic; Headaches, Periorbital; Headaches, Retro-Ocular; Headaches, Sharp; Headaches, Throbbing; Headaches, Unilateral; Headaches, Vertex; Ocular Headaches; Orthostatic Headaches; Pain, Cranial; Pain, Head; Pains, Cranial; Pains, Head; Periorbital Headaches; Retro Ocular Headache; Retro-Ocular Headaches; Sharp Headaches; Throbbing Headaches; Unilateral Headaches; Vertex Headaches; Cephalgia

Networked: 11854 relevant articles (1008 outcomes, 1202 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Migraine Disorders (Migraine)
2.	Pain (Aches)
3.	Headache (Headaches)
4.	Nausea
5.	Dizziness (Lightheadedness)

Experts

1.	Lipton, Richard B: 46 articles (09/2015 - 07/2002)
2.	Silberstein, Stephen D: 44 articles (09/2015 - 06/2002)
3.	Olesen, J: 40 articles (01/2012 - 01/2000)
4.	Diener, Hans-Christoph: 38 articles (09/2015 - 01/2002)
5.	Goadsby, P J: 38 articles (10/2014 - 01/2000)
6.	Olesen, Jes: 37 articles (12/2015 - 09/2002)
7.	Diener, H C: 36 articles (10/2011 - 02/2000)
8.	Goadsby, Peter J: 35 articles (01/2015 - 05/2002)
9.	Lipton, R B: 35 articles (10/2014 - 01/2000)
10.	Tepper, Stewart J: 32 articles (10/2015 - 07/2002)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Headache:

1.	Sumatriptan (Imigran)FDA LinkGeneric 04/01/1993 - "In addition, they examine the initial efficacy of treatment and the mechanism of recurrence of headache within 24 hours, which is the most important drawback of sumatriptan in clinical practice, next to its possible cardiac side effects." 01/01/2005 - "A single dose of sumatriptan 10 mg (approved European dosage) was significantly more effective than placebo in achieving headache relief at 1 hour post-dose in a well designed study. " 07/01/1994 - "In both studies, headache severity had significantly improved at 120 min after doses of 10-40 mg sumatriptan compared to placebo (P < 0.05) and the greatest efficacy rates were obtained with 20 mg sumatriptan. " 04/01/2008 - "We describe an adolescent with acute posttraumatic headache that did not respond to several initial medications but had rapid and sustained improvement in headache and associated migrainous features with subcutaneous sumatriptan." 04/01/2005 - "For the first attack, significantly more patients receiving sumatriptan than placebo reported headache relief for attacks occurring inside (67% vs. 33%, p=0.007) and outside (79% vs. 31%, p<0.001) the menstrual period. "
2.	Pain-FreeIBA 01/01/2002 - "The drug is significantly more effective than placebo as measured by a number of parameters including 2-hour headache response and pain-free response rates. " 01/01/2002 - "The drug is significantly more effective than placebo as measured by a number of parameters including 2-hour headache response and pain-free response rates. " 08/01/1999 - "The drug is significantly more effective than placebo as measured by a number of parameters including 2-hour headache response rates and pain-free response rates. " 04/01/2015 - "The following EMs were used: pain free at two hours (30%), headache relief at two hours (60%), sustained pain free for 24 hours (19%) and sustained headache relief for 24 hours (39%). " 06/01/2005 - "A total of 16 subjects (76.2%) had their headache scores improved by 50% or more; nine (42.9%) were pain free at the last follow-up. "
3.	Analgesics (Analgesic Drugs)IBA 08/01/2008 - "Whereas only half of children received abortive medications for these headaches, simple analgesics were effective in most cases. " 06/01/1990 - "The headache was more improved in the physiotherapy group, and there was a marked reduction in the intake of analgesics. " 05/01/2013 - "From these results, the day-hospital setting for withdrawal, followed by periodic clinical meetings, seems to be effective for this category of patients to improve significantly at long-term headache frequency and analgesics intake." 01/01/2006 - "The treatment resulted in significant reduction of frequency, duration and intensity of headache, with a 2-fold decrease in analgesics used. " 11/23/1985 - "Headaches were more common in patients with active patches but were relieved by simple analgesics."
4.	Acetaminophen (Paracetamol)FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/2013 - "Two studies showed that headache and achiness improved more in the acetaminophen group than in the placebo group, while one study showed no difference between the acetaminophen and placebo group. " 01/01/2011 - "Compared with the controls, the patients given the combination were less likely to have headaches after 7 days (P = 0·038), tended to have headaches that cleared quicker (P = 0·010), and received fewer doses of acetaminophen (P = 0·036). " 05/01/1999 - "The only side effects noted were severe headaches after gammaglobulin infusions which responded well to oral paracetamol. " 02/01/1991 - "The present data suggest that the proposed posture-related changes in volume of distribution do not exist, and that there is no pharmacokinetic basis for a headache being relieved by taking paracetamol and lying down." 06/01/2011 - "The objectives of this study were to investigate the prevalence of headache in patients presenting to hospital after acetaminophen overdose and to determine which clinical findings are most predictive of headache among these patients. "
5.	Indomethacin (Indometacin)FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/2006 - "All patients responded favorably to indomethacin, with rapid near-complete or complete resolution of headache and autonomic symptoms, and treatment was initiated as early as possible. " 05/01/1991 - "Benign headache associated with sexual activity has been successfully treated with indomethacin and beta-blockers. " 11/01/1983 - "A patient with long standing sustained unilateral headache ("background vascular") and occasional multiple jabs received prompt and lasting relief from indomethacin. " 04/01/2011 - "Response to indomethacin is the diagnostic criterion for hemicrania continua, but efficacy of indomethacin in therapy is restricted because of gastrointestinal adverse events. " 02/01/1978 - "Treatment with indomethacin eliminated these headaches. "
6.	Ibuprofen (Motrin)FDA LinkGeneric 05/01/2003 - "Ibuprofen was significantly more effective than placebo in reducing the severity of ECT-induced headache (p =.007). " 05/01/2003 - "Ibuprofen was significantly more effective than placebo in preventing the onset of headache post-ECT (p =.022). " 01/01/1994 - "The results suggest that ibuprofen is a safe and effective treatment for high altitude headache." 01/01/2011 - "Ibuprofen can be effective for headache. " 12/01/2012 - "An important limitation of this study may be the possibility that ibuprofen can mask headache, which is a compulsory criterion for the diagnosis of AMS."
7.	zolmitriptan (Zomig)FDA Link 10/01/2005 - "In phase one of the REALIZE study, zolmitriptan nasal spray demonstrated a significant headache response from 10 min post-dose and total symptom relief from 30 min post-dose. " 01/01/2006 - "There was no statistically significant improvement between zolmitriptan 10 mg (2 x 5 mg tablet) and placebo for the primary efficacy variable, headache response at 2 hours, nor any of the secondary variables tested. " 03/01/2002 - "Headache relief following zolmitriptan 2.5 mg (63%) was significantly greater than with placebo (22%) at 2 h post-dose (primary endpoint; P < 0.0001). " 06/01/1996 - "Plasma 311C90 concentrations were generally higher in those patients who responded to treatment with 311C90 in the plasma, but there was one patient with no quantifiable 311C90 in the plasma whose headache improved. " 11/01/1997 - "In patients with persistent or recurrent headache, a second zolmitriptan dose effectively treated both headache and nonheadache symptoms. "
8.	Tryptamines (Triptans)IBA 02/01/2002 - "Important pharmacologic, pharmacokinetic, and clinical differences exist among those drugs, but the tolerability profile of the newer triptans is very good, and they provide rapid relief from headache and sustained duration of effect. " 09/01/2006 - "The group treated with TPM had a significant reduction in the number of days with headache (P < 0.0001 vs placebo) and in the mean amount of acute medication taken (P < 0.0001 vs placebo); all triptans were superior to placebo; there were no significant differences between different triptans; the analgesic effect of triptans increased throughout the trial. " 05/01/2012 - "Why triptans are effective in so different types of primary headaches remain unclear. " 02/01/2011 - "For evaluating the efficacy of acute medication we compared triptans with other compounds using headache duration as outcome parameter. " 09/01/2006 - "We also studied the efficacy of single triptans available in Italy in interrupting headache crises during preventive treatment. "
9.	Aspirin (Acetylsalicylic Acid)FDA LinkGeneric 05/01/1999 - "Although acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) is one of the most commonly administered drugs in the treatment of acute headaches, the sites of its action and the mechanisms of its therapeutic efficacy are still unclear. " 06/01/2001 - "To evaluate the efficacy of aspirin for headache when exercising during acute high-altitude exposure. " 01/01/2012 - "In both disorders, aspirin is first-line treatment regardless of headache intensity." 06/01/2001 - "Effects of aspirin during exercise on the incidence of high-altitude headache: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial." 04/04/1998 - "Aspirin for prophylaxis against headache at high altitudes: randomised, double blind, placebo controlled trial."
10.	topiramate (Topamax)FDA LinkGeneric 03/27/2012 - "The data and safety monitoring board recommended ending the trial after determining that it would be highly unlikely for the combination to result in a significant reduction in 28-day headache rate compared with topiramate alone if all 250 subjects were randomized. " 03/01/2007 - "Prophylaxis of hemicrania continua: two new cases effectively treated with topiramate." 01/01/2013 - "Analysis of data from nine trials (1737 participants) showed that topiramate reduced headache frequency by about 1.2 attacks per 28 days as compared to placebo (MD -1.20; 95% confidence interval (CI) -1.59 to -0.80). " 01/01/2013 - "For headache frequency data, we calculated mean differences (MDs) between topiramate and comparator (placebo, active control, or topiramate in a different dose) for individual studies and pooled these across studies. " 01/01/2007 - "Moreover, a significantly lower number of patients receiving topiramate treatment reported an increase in headache days per month by the end of the study when compared to placebo (66 vs 88 patients, respectively; odds ratio: 1.49, P < .05). "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Aftercare (After-Treatment) 11/01/2012 - "Neck Disability Index showed marked improvement by the fourth week, end of study, and 2 weeks after treatment (P<0.05); headache subscale showed marked reduction. " 01/01/2011 - "The headaches markedly improved shortly after treatment as did her vasomotor symptoms. " 04/01/2007 - "After treatment with epidural autolongous blood patch, her headache resolved completely. " 06/01/2014 - "The symptom of headache in another 4 patients disappeared after treatment, visual acuity improved significantly, endoscopic surgical cavity was clean, follow-up with no recurrence, survived more than 2 years, and were still in the treatment of primary disease. " 01/01/2012 - "Both groups showed significant reduction in headache frequency and duration and tablet count after treatment phase. "
2.	Psychology Biofeedback (Biofeedback) 12/01/2007 - "CBT was highly effective, with an average reduction in headaches from pre- to posttreatment of 68%, compared with 56% for biofeedback, and 20% for the control condition. " 10/01/1996 - "We conclude that behavioural treatment strategies are effective in the management of childhood headaches, although most of the research support appears to be limited to relaxation training and biofeedback. " 07/01/1982 - "Biofeedback has proven effective in treatment of vascular and muscle contraction headache. " 01/01/2000 - "Results showed that both children and adults reported substantial improvements in headache activity with TBF and EMG biofeedback treatment (Ms ranged from 34% to 81%), but children showed significantly greater improvement than adults. " 03/01/1980 - "Although biofeedback and pseudotherapy were rated as equally credible treatments, only the headache activity of the biofeedback group was significantly improved following treatment. "
3.	Epidural Blood Patch 03/01/2012 - "This headache improved dramatically after an epidural blood patch on the eighth post-partum day. " 07/01/2008 - "Treatment with epidural blood patch led to complete headache remission and the patient was discharged. " 09/01/1989 - "Epidural blood patch was found to be effective; 84.5% of the respondents had complete and permanent recovery from headache in less than 24 hours after a single epidural blood patch. " 08/01/2012 - "Ten days after the delivery, the headache reoccurred, and an epidural blood patch was performed that successfully relieved her symptom. " 11/01/2004 - "Following a lumbar epidural blood patch, all symptoms improved significantly and her headache resolved. "
4.	Injections 05/01/2011 - "The technique of repeated caudal saline injections is easy, rapid, and effective in providing the patient with almost immediate headache relief. " 01/01/2013 - "One hundred two out of one hundred twenty-eight patients (80%) improved; of these, 58 (57%) demonstrated a >75% reduction in monthly headache frequency (">75%-responders"), 76% of which noted sustained benefits >12 months with repeated injections every 10-12 weeks. " 03/01/2001 - "Although the inherent limitations of this study preclude a definitive statement regarding the efficacy of C2-3 injections, these initial findings suggest that therapeutic intra-articular zygapophyseal joint injections are effective in the treatment of headaches emanating from the C2-3 joint after a whiplash event. " 05/01/2006 - "Moreover, there is no current gold-standard of practice regarding GON injections in the management of headache. " 01/01/2004 - "Over a 12-week period after injections, headache-free days had improved in the BTX group from week 8 to 12 (P < 0.05), and strongly tended to improve over the entire 12-week period, 33 +/- 23 vs. 24 +/- 16 days without headache (P = 0.07), but did not meet the a priori significance criteria. "
5.	Bed Rest (Bedrest) 12/01/2004 - "His headache improved 2 weeks after the operation with strict bed rest. " 12/01/2004 - "Initial CT scan showed normal brain structure, and his headache improved with bed rest in a few days. " 09/01/2003 - "Eight days later headache improved with bed rest and hydration. " 07/01/1996 - "Bed rest was frequently voluntary (as opposed to being enforced on medical orders) since many patients only gained relief from their headache when supine. " 07/01/1989 - "The headache improved after about 3 hours of bed rest. "