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Gynecomastia

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Enlargement of the BREAST in the males, caused by an excess of ESTROGENS. Physiological gynecomastia is normally observed in NEWBORNS; ADOLESCENT; and AGING males.

Also Known As:

Adolescent Gynecomastia; Infant Gynecomastia; Male Breast Enlargement; Newborn Gynecomastia; Breast Enlargement, Male; Enlargement, Male Breast; Gynecomastia, Adolescent; Gynecomastia, Infant; Gynecomastia, Newborn

Networked: 1040 relevant articles (51 outcomes, 79 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Skin and Connective Tissue Diseases
- Skin Diseases: 8226
  - Breast Diseases: 1088
    - Gynecomastia: 1040

Related Diseases

1.	Prostatic Neoplasms (Prostate Cancer)
2.	Pain (Aches)
3.	Galactorrhea
4.	Lipoma (Lipomata)
5.	Lipomatosis

Experts

1.	Derman, Orhan: 6 articles (01/2012 - 10/2003)
2.	Shozu, Makio: 5 articles (03/2014 - 05/2003)
3.	Fukami, Maki: 4 articles (03/2014 - 06/2011)
4.	Pantanowitz, Liron: 4 articles (08/2011 - 07/2002)
5.	Trechot, P: 4 articles (11/2004 - 05/2001)
6.	Barbaud, A: 4 articles (11/2004 - 05/2001)
7.	Stratakis, Constantine A: 3 articles (12/2014 - 08/2012)
8.	Maggi, M: 3 articles (06/2014 - 09/2012)
9.	Corona, G: 3 articles (06/2014 - 09/2012)
10.	Ogata, Tsutomu: 3 articles (03/2014 - 06/2011)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Gynecomastia:

1.	Tamoxifen FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/2014 - "The use of tamoxifen 20mg/day is the best treatment and prevention option against gynecomastia and mastodynia, while in the case of long-course established gynecomastia, surgery is the gold standard." 11/01/1987 - "Based on the good results of another author 10 boys with marked pubertal gynecomastia were treated with the antioestrogen Tamoxifen (Nolvadex) at a dose of 20-40 mg/d orally for 2-12 months. " 01/01/2014 - "Although tamoxifen has been shown to be fairly safe and effective for idiopathic pubertal gynecomastia, it remains unknown whether it is also beneficial for gynecomastia associated with endocrine disorders. " 01/01/2014 - "The results indicate that tamoxifen was effective in treating pubertal gynecomastia in these 2 patients with PAIS and may be considered as a therapeutic option in this situation pending further studies." 01/01/2013 - "Tamoxifen may be effective for the treatment of pubertal gynecomastia, and it seems safe to use. "
2.	Testosterone (Sustanon)FDA Link 06/01/2014 - "Gynecomastia is a rare condition in subjects with SD, and could indicate a testosterone deficiency that deserves further investigation." 06/01/2014 - "Subjects with gynecomastia had significantly lower testosterone (T) levels; the association retained statistical significance after adjusting for age and life-style. " 11/01/2012 - "Subjects using 5ARI also more frequently had gynecomastia along with reduced SHBG and higher calculated free testosterone levels. " 01/01/2011 - "Three patients had higher levels (43.79~71.21 pg/ml) and the others' were within normal range of 27.00~34.91 pg/ml. Six patients without the development of gynecomastia had normal free testosterone. " 11/15/2004 - "The mean free testosterone index (+/-SD) was significantly lower among the 40 patients with gynecomastia (42.6%+/-24.0%) than among the 44 control subjects (58.0%+/-25.3%) (P=.006). "
3.	Estrogens (Estrogen)FDA Link 03/01/1986 - "Radiotherapeutic prophylaxis of estrogen-induced gynecomastia: a study of late sequela." 05/01/1977 - "[Value of the study of plasma estrogens in the exploration of gynecomastia. " 12/01/2015 - "Also, regional adipose tissue enlargements may cause the excessive production of estrogens leading to gynecomastia. " 09/01/2015 - "Gynecomastia is an enlargement of male breast resulting from a proliferation of its glandular component, and it is usually due to an altered estrogen-androgen balance. " 12/01/2014 - "Histopathological and immunohistochemical examinations showed benign fibroglandular gynecomastia and intensive (3+) estrogen receptor expression in 100% of periductal epithelial cells. "
4.	bicalutamide (Casodex)FDA LinkGeneric 08/01/2012 - "We undertook a meta-analysis to assess the efficacy of various treatment options for bicalutamide-induced gynecomastia. " 08/01/2012 - "The medline, cancerlit, and Cochrane library databases were searched and the Google search engine was used to identify prospective and retrospective controlled studies published in English from January 2000 to December 2010 comparing prophylactic or curative treatment options with a control group (no treatment) for pca patients who developed bicalutamide-induced gynecomastia. " 08/01/2010 - "Although prophylactic breast irradiation seemed to decrease the gynecomastia rate in patients on 150 mg bicalutamide, our study proves that not all patients need prophylaxis since only 52% were significantly bothered by gynecomastia. " 01/01/2015 - "To systematically review the quality of evidence of the current literature regarding treatment options for bicalutamide-induced gynecomastia, including efficacy, safety and patients' quality of life. " 08/01/2012 - "Optimal prophylactic and definitive therapy for bicalutamide-induced gynecomastia: results of a meta-analysis."
5.	Spironolactone (Aldactone)FDA LinkGeneric 12/01/2015 - "Broad use of the latter, such as spironolactone, has been limited by significant incidence of gynecomastia and other sex-related adverse effects. " 10/01/2015 - "Male breast uptake in rubidium-82 PET due to spironolactone-induced gynecomastia." 01/01/2013 - "However, broad use of classic MRAs such as spironolactone has been limited by significant incidence of gynecomastia and other sex-related adverse effects. " 05/01/2012 - "Another patient was a 61-year-old man with gynecomastia induced by spironolactone of 6 months duration. " 12/01/2009 - "However, spironolactone had to be inevitably discontinued due to gynecomastia. "
6.	Aromatase InhibitorsIBA 08/01/2012 - "Surgery is rarely indicated and aromatase inhibitors constitute an effective treatment for those cases that are associated with gynecomastia and/or advanced skeletal age." 10/01/2013 - "Here, we describe a AEXS presenting with prepubertal gynecomastia in an Egyptian child with NF1 that improved with aromatase inhibitors. " 12/01/2009 - "The use of aromatase inhibitors has been investigated also in pubertal gynecomastia. " 01/01/2005 - "Our case demonstrates that waiting for the effect of aromatase inhibitors on gynecomastia before making a decision for mastectomy may be a reasonable option. " 12/01/2014 - "Use of aromatase inhibitors in large cell calcifying sertoli cell tumors: effects on gynecomastia, growth velocity, and bone age."
7.	Aromatase (CYP19)IBA 05/01/2008 - "The CYP19 polymorphisms might contribute to the incidence of gynecomastia, but further studies in larger groups are needed to confirm these results." 04/01/2001 - "In this study we show that overexpression of aromatase in male transgenic mice results in increased mammary growth and histopathological changes similar to gynecomastia. " 07/01/1987 - "Recent studies in this laboratory have described an unusual kindred in which gynecomastia resulted from abnormally elevated levels of extraglandular aromatase activity. " 03/01/2014 - "Aromatase excess syndrome: a rare autosomal dominant disorder leading to pre- or peri-pubertal onset gynecomastia." 01/01/2012 - "Aromatase excess syndrome (AEXS) is a rare autosomal dominant disorder characterized by gynecomastia. "
8.	HormonesIBA 05/01/2011 - "Hormone therapy may help to abort the acute proliferative phase of gynecomastia with a 30% response rate but should not be considered in chronic established cases. " 10/01/2015 - "This study aimed to describe the frequency of physiological gynecomastia and to determine possible etiological factors (eg, auxology and serum hormone levels) in a longitudinal setup. " 11/01/2012 - "Gynecomastia and female hair distribution, two features considered hormone related were looked for additionally in the study population. " 03/01/2014 - "AEXS appears to account for a small number of cases of pre- or peri-pubertal onset gynecomastia, and should be suspected particularly when gynecomastia is associated with an autosomal dominant inheritance pattern, characteristic hormone abnormalities and/or advanced bone age. " 09/01/2013 - "The measurements included orchidometry, an assessment of gynecomastia, the International Index of Erectile Function, the Aging Males Symptoms questionnaire, the measurement of 12 hormones, and general biochemical measurements. "
9.	Estradiol (Estrace)FDA LinkGeneric 05/01/2003 - "After the surgical procedure, the levels of hCG and estradiol rapidly decreased, and the gynecomastia resolved completely within 3 months. " 10/15/1978 - "From the results of this study we conclude that both ovarian and testicular components of the gonads of these two individuals were endocrinologically active, and that their gynecomastia likely developed as a consequence of gonadal estradiol secretion." 11/01/2004 - "III. Inhibitory effects of 29 drugs reported to induce gynecomastia on the glucuronidation of estradiol." 05/01/2003 - "II. On the inhibitory effect of 29 drugs reported to induce gynecomastia on the oxidation of estradiol at C-2 or C-17." 04/01/2000 - "All 3 boys presented with gynecomastia and elevated estradiol levels. "
10.	ProlactinIBA 06/01/1997 - "The mean prolactin level was 58.9 pg/ml during the study and three patients reported gynecomastia. " 09/02/1951 - "[Contribution to the study of gynecomastia; does prolactin have any effect on its pathogenesis?]." 12/03/2008 - "Ultrasonography of the mamillary gland was not definite for gynecomastia but repeated serum prolactin concentrations were elevated 5-fold the upper limit of normal. " 09/01/2007 - "Mean age and the prevalence of gynecomastia were similar in the two groups and in subjects with normal prolactin values. " 05/01/2004 - "LH and prolactin levels were positively correlated with gynecomastia. "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Lipectomy (Liposuction) 02/01/2003 - "The authors have found ultrasound-assisted liposuction to be effective in treating most grades of gynecomastia. " 07/01/2004 - "Surgical liposuction can be considered an effective treatment for gynecomastia, in particular in the very early stages because the breast becomes irreversibly fibrous as the disease progresses. " 02/01/2003 - "Ultrasound-assisted liposuction has recently emerged as a safe and effective method for the treatment of gynecomastia. " 10/01/1991 - "Lipoplasty has facilitated the correction of gynecomastia and improved the morbidity and end results. " 08/01/2005 - "To date, however, there is only one published study that specifically addresses ultrasound-assisted liposuction as a treatment modality for gynecomastia. "
2.	Radiotherapy 01/01/2014 - "The 10Gy radiotherapy would be an option for the treatment of gynecomastia, although not all the patients need prophylactic treatment since only 50% report moderate-severe discomfort. " 01/01/2008 - "Possible explanations were provided, however, they disregard the potential contribution of prophylactic radiotherapy to the mamillary regions (PMRT, prescribed to avoid gynecomastia). " 01/01/2004 - "However, radiotherapy is the treatment of choice for gynecomastia at it's early stage, or could eventually be considered as a prophylactic treatment in high risk patients. " 09/01/1988 - "Between 1977 and 1986, 11 patients with painful gynecomastia after DES therapy were referred for palliative radiotherapy. " 09/01/1988 - "Effective radiotherapy in palliating mammalgia associated with gynecomastia after DES therapy."
3.	Mastectomy (Mammectomy) 09/01/2007 - "Mastectomy by means of external periareolar incision is useful in the treatment of gynecomastia." 09/01/2007 - "We undertook this study to present clinical characteristics of 11 patients with gynecomastia and the results obtained with subdermal mastectomy by means of external periareolar incision. " 07/01/2013 - "In our department, the approach for the subtotal mastectomy depends mainly on the gynecomastia grade. " 07/01/2009 - "Eccentric mastectomy and zigzag periareolar incision for gynecomastia." 04/01/2009 - "Novel options for living with gynecomastia are contrasted with medicalized strategies including mastectomy. "
4.	Mammaplasty (Breast Reconstruction) 10/01/1979 - "An improved method of injecting local anesthetic solutions for gynecomastia operations and augmentation mammaplasties is described." 08/01/2006 - "Pigmented Paget's disease in a man previously treated with mammaplasty reduction for gynecomastia." 07/01/2001 - "A case of idiopathic gynecomastia treated by endoscopic reduction mammoplasty." 05/01/1997 - "He described a mass reduction procedure for the management of gynecomastia, probably one of the first attempts at reduction mammaplasty. " 09/01/1996 - "Severe or psychologically disturbing gynecomastia can be corrected by reductive mammoplasty. "
5.	Catheters 04/01/1990 - "The cannula has proven effective in treating gynecomastia without surgical resection of breast tissue." 09/01/1994 - "With the improved design and tensile strength of the cannula, gynecomastia can be more easily corrected. " 07/01/1998 - "The early experience of 22 surgeons who used this cannula in 88 cases of gynecomastia is reported. " 09/01/1994 - "A new cannula for suction removal of parenchymal tissue of gynecomastia." 01/01/1992 - "We conclude that breast tissue is accessible to the suction cannula, and that this is a valuable tool for correcting gynecomastia and for use in many aesthetic procedures on female patients."