Gynecomastia

Enlargement of the BREAST in the males, caused by an excess of ESTROGENS. Physiological gynecomastia is normally observed in NEWBORNS; ADOLESCENT; and AGING males.

Also Known As:

Adolescent Gynecomastia; Infant Gynecomastia; Male Breast Enlargement; Newborn Gynecomastia; Breast Enlargement, Male; Enlargement, Male Breast; Gynecomastia, Adolescent; Gynecomastia, Infant; Gynecomastia, Newborn

Networked: 1468 relevant articles (83 outcomes, 132 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Skin and Connective Tissue Diseases
- Skin Diseases: 13127
  - Breast Diseases: 1550
    - Gynecomastia: 1468

Related Diseases

1.	Mastodynia
2.	Prostatic Neoplasms (Prostate Cancer)
3.	Neoplasms (Cancer)
4.	Galactorrhea
5.	Hyperkalemia

Experts

1.	Derman, Orhan: 11 articles (03/2022 - 10/2003)
2.	Innocenti, Alessandro: 8 articles (01/2022 - 01/2017)
3.	Kanbur, Nuray: 7 articles (03/2022 - 05/2008)
4.	Melita, Dario: 7 articles (01/2022 - 01/2017)
5.	Akgül, Sinem: 6 articles (03/2022 - 01/2011)
6.	Fukami, Maki: 6 articles (01/2021 - 06/2011)
7.	Shozu, Makio: 6 articles (07/2014 - 05/2003)
8.	Ogata, Tsutomu: 5 articles (01/2021 - 06/2011)
9.	Pantanowitz, Liron: 5 articles (08/2011 - 11/2002)
10.	Antoszewski, Bogusław: 4 articles (01/2019 - 11/2013)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Gynecomastia:

1.	Tamoxifen FDA LinkGeneric 11/01/1987 - "Based on the good results of another author 10 boys with marked pubertal gynecomastia were treated with the antioestrogen Tamoxifen (Nolvadex) at a dose of 20-40 mg/d orally for 2-12 months. " 08/01/2023 - "The gynecomastia disc diameter's monthly reduction rate was significantly higher in adolescents with an initial disc diameter ≥3 cm. The significant reduction of the disc started after the fourth month of tamoxifen treatment and continued to significantly reduce, extending to the sixth month. " 01/01/2014 - "Although tamoxifen has been shown to be fairly safe and effective for idiopathic pubertal gynecomastia, it remains unknown whether it is also beneficial for gynecomastia associated with endocrine disorders. " 01/01/2014 - "The results indicate that tamoxifen was effective in treating pubertal gynecomastia in these 2 patients with PAIS and may be considered as a therapeutic option in this situation pending further studies." 08/01/2023 - "Tamoxifen treatment in pubertal gynecomastia was found to be effective and safe. "
2.	Testosterone (Sustanon)FDA Link 11/01/2021 - "A small decrease in the testosterone dose resulted in a significant reduction of gynecomastia. " 02/01/2021 - "Altered oestrogen to testosterone ratio is altered in majority of patients thus may be reason for pubertal gynecomastia." 01/01/2018 - "Patients with bilateral gynecomastia had a longer history of disease, higher BMI, and lower testosterone levels. " 06/01/2014 - "Gynecomastia is a rare condition in subjects with SD, and could indicate a testosterone deficiency that deserves further investigation." 06/01/2014 - "Subjects with gynecomastia had significantly lower testosterone (T) levels; the association retained statistical significance after adjusting for age and life-style. "
3.	Spironolactone (Aldactone)FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/2018 - "The patient improved symptomatically but developed painful swelling of the right breast after 12 months of treatment which was suspected to be spironolactone-induced gynecomastia. " 12/21/2021 - "The use of spironolactone in mixed gender populations was characterized by significantly higher odds of having gynecomastia compared to controls (OR = 8.39, 95% CI: 5.03 to 13.99; 14 trials, 3745 participants). " 02/01/2019 - "Although gynecomastia in men was common in the spironolactone group (p = 0.018), the discontinuation rates due to adverse events were similar in the two groups (p = 0.135). " 01/01/2018 - "Literature search indicates bilateral gynecomastia by spironolactone, but when clinician encounters unilateral presentation, they should consider the possibility of drug-induced etiology. " 01/01/2018 - "We are reporting a case of spironolactone-induced unilateral gynecomastia. "
4.	Aromatase InhibitorsIBA 08/01/2012 - "Surgery is rarely indicated and aromatase inhibitors constitute an effective treatment for those cases that are associated with gynecomastia and/or advanced skeletal age." 10/01/2013 - "Here, we describe a AEXS presenting with prepubertal gynecomastia in an Egyptian child with NF1 that improved with aromatase inhibitors. " 07/01/2014 - "Furthermore, the use of an aromatase inhibitor can ameliorate gynecomastia." 12/01/2009 - "The use of aromatase inhibitors has been investigated also in pubertal gynecomastia. " 01/01/2005 - "Our case demonstrates that waiting for the effect of aromatase inhibitors on gynecomastia before making a decision for mastectomy may be a reasonable option. "
5.	Estrogens (Estrogen)FDA Link 03/01/1986 - "Radiotherapeutic prophylaxis of estrogen-induced gynecomastia: a study of late sequela." 05/01/1977 - "[Value of the study of plasma estrogens in the exploration of gynecomastia. " 05/01/1965 - "A SIMPLIFIED PROCEDURE FOR EVALUATING ESTROGENIC EFFECTS AND THE SEX CHROMATIN PATTERN IN EXFOLIATED CELLS IN URINE: STUDIES IN PREMATURE THELARCHE AND GYNECOMASTIA OF ADOLESCENCE." 01/01/2017 - "For boys with persistent gynecomastia that is causing substantial tenderness or embarrassment a tailored approach of close follow-up and use of anti-estrogen drugs may be recommended. " 01/01/2016 - "This novel estrogen exposure source has important implications in the differential diagnosis of prepubertal gynecomastia and potential adverse effects secondary to precocious hormonal exposure."
6.	bicalutamide (Casodex)FDA LinkGeneric 08/01/2012 - "We undertook a meta-analysis to assess the efficacy of various treatment options for bicalutamide-induced gynecomastia. " 08/01/2012 - "The medline, cancerlit, and Cochrane library databases were searched and the Google search engine was used to identify prospective and retrospective controlled studies published in English from January 2000 to December 2010 comparing prophylactic or curative treatment options with a control group (no treatment) for pca patients who developed bicalutamide-induced gynecomastia. " 08/01/2010 - "Although prophylactic breast irradiation seemed to decrease the gynecomastia rate in patients on 150 mg bicalutamide, our study proves that not all patients need prophylaxis since only 52% were significantly bothered by gynecomastia. " 04/29/2020 - "Findings of Gynecomastia That Developed in Follow-up Secondary to Bicalutamide Treatment on Bone Scan." 01/01/2017 - "Gynecomastia was recorded in 69.7% of the patients in the bicalutamide group, as compared with 10.9% of those in the placebo group (P<0.001). "
7.	Hormones (Hormone)IBA 10/01/2015 - "This study aimed to describe the frequency of physiological gynecomastia and to determine possible etiological factors (eg, auxology and serum hormone levels) in a longitudinal setup. " 11/01/2012 - "Gynecomastia and female hair distribution, two features considered hormone related were looked for additionally in the study population. " 12/01/2020 - "Early detection by endocrine hormone measurements may help preventing gynecomastia." 01/01/2017 - "Gynecomastia and hormones." 06/01/2016 - "A 33-year-old male patient exhibited symptoms of gynecomastia and abdominal distention, which were due to the abnormal hormone secretion levels and to the presence of a large mass in the right adrenal gland. "
8.	Estradiol (Delestrogen)FDA LinkGeneric 10/15/1978 - "From the results of this study we conclude that both ovarian and testicular components of the gonads of these two individuals were endocrinologically active, and that their gynecomastia likely developed as a consequence of gonadal estradiol secretion." 12/26/2019 - "The evaluation of pathologic gynecomastia showed an increase of estradiol to 296 pg/mL with normal range 10 ~ 36 pg/mL and microlithiasis in both testes. " 12/26/2019 - "Combined surgical and medical treatment in an adolescent with severe gynecomastia due to excessive estradiol secretion: a case report." 11/01/2004 - "III. Inhibitory effects of 29 drugs reported to induce gynecomastia on the glucuronidation of estradiol." 05/01/2003 - "II. On the inhibitory effect of 29 drugs reported to induce gynecomastia on the oxidation of estradiol at C-2 or C-17."
9.	AndrogensIBA 06/01/2005 - "He was given androgen support and a hydrocelectomy, which improved his gynecomastia. " 07/01/2012 - "To determine the incidence and predictors of clinician-scored gynecomastia induced by 6 months of combined androgen blockade (CAB) in a randomized trial. " 07/01/2012 - "Low rate of clinician-scored gynecomastia induced by 6 months of combined androgen blockade in a randomized trial: Implications for prophylactic breast irradiation." 01/01/2022 - "In contrast, anti-androgen monotherapy is generally better tolerated in spite of higher rates of gynecomastia. " 05/01/2017 - "The most frequent systemic symptom is gynecomastia related to androgen insensitivity, but other abnormalities, such as heart rhythm and urinary disturbances, have also been reported. "
10.	Aromatase (CYP19)IBA 05/01/2008 - "The CYP19 polymorphisms might contribute to the incidence of gynecomastia, but further studies in larger groups are needed to confirm these results." 04/01/2001 - "In this study we show that overexpression of aromatase in male transgenic mice results in increased mammary growth and histopathological changes similar to gynecomastia. " 07/01/1987 - "Recent studies in this laboratory have described an unusual kindred in which gynecomastia resulted from abnormally elevated levels of extraglandular aromatase activity. " 07/26/2022 - "We observed localized aromatase overexpression (>10 fold greater than normal) in breast adipose tissue from three prepubertal males with gynecomastia out of the 19 cases. " 07/26/2022 - "Local aromatase excess with recruitment of unusual promoters of CYP19A1 gene in prepubertal patients with gynecomastia."

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Therapeutics 09/01/2011 - "In adults with persistent painful gynecomastia, a short-term trial of medical therapy is an option that has shown good results. " 06/01/2007 - "Surgery is useful in the management of patients with long-standing symptomatic gynecomastia or when medical therapy is not successful." 01/01/2007 - "Four months after MTX therapy was discontinued, the gynecomastia symptoms improved. " 09/01/2007 - "Surgical removal is recommended: if a trial of medical therapy is unsuccessful; if no regression is present after 1 year observation; if the condition worsens; if psychosocial problems rise due to gynecomastia and in patients after completing pubertal period." 05/01/2005 - "There are many studies conducted to find the safe and efficient medical therapy that could ameliorate the quality of life of the patients with gynecomastia. "
2.	Lipectomy (Liposuction) 02/01/2003 - "The authors have found ultrasound-assisted liposuction to be effective in treating most grades of gynecomastia. " 07/01/2004 - "Surgical liposuction can be considered an effective treatment for gynecomastia, in particular in the very early stages because the breast becomes irreversibly fibrous as the disease progresses. " 02/01/2022 - "Small incisional design for breast parenchymal removal in gynecomastia assisted by liposuction showed a good technical approach for consistent improvement in quality of life. " 04/01/2017 - "The liposuction pull-through technique is an effective treatment for gynecomastia without significant skin redundancy. " 02/01/2003 - "Ultrasound-assisted liposuction has recently emerged as a safe and effective method for the treatment of gynecomastia. "
3.	Radiotherapy 11/01/2021 - "While the efficacy of radiation therapy as a treatment modality for gynecomastia was also established, it was shown to be less effective than other available options. " 01/01/2014 - "The 10Gy radiotherapy would be an option for the treatment of gynecomastia, although not all the patients need prophylactic treatment since only 50% report moderate-severe discomfort. " 04/01/2010 - "Radiation therapy for gynecomastia." 01/10/2008 - "Possible explanations were provided, however, they disregard the potential contribution of prophylactic radiotherapy to the mamillary regions (PMRT, prescribed to avoid gynecomastia). " 01/01/2004 - "However, radiotherapy is the treatment of choice for gynecomastia at it's early stage, or could eventually be considered as a prophylactic treatment in high risk patients. "
4.	Mastectomy (Mammectomy) 05/01/2010 - "Arthroscopic mastectomy for gynecomastia is a safe and effective technique, with excellent cosmetic results and an acceptable complication rate." 09/01/2007 - "Mastectomy by means of external periareolar incision is useful in the treatment of gynecomastia." 11/01/2019 - "The aim of this study was to explore the impacts of gynecomastia on adolescents, explore the surgical and psychological success of mastectomy, and evaluate the adequacy of insurance guidelines and coverage. " 09/01/2007 - "We undertook this study to present clinical characteristics of 11 patients with gynecomastia and the results obtained with subdermal mastectomy by means of external periareolar incision. " 11/13/2023 - "A total of 159 single axillary incision reverse sequence endoscopic nipple-sparing mastectomy procedures were performed in 81 gynecomastia patients. "
5.	Operative Surgical Procedures 01/01/2023 - "Finally, if gynecomastia does not go in remission after two years surgical procedures should be performed. " 11/13/2023 - "Currently, a standard, optimal surgical procedure is still lacking for gynecomastia. " 11/01/2009 - "This article describes an alternative surgical procedure for treating gynecomastia with severe ptosis(type III and type IIIb of Simon's classification). " 02/18/1991 - "This surgical procedure was used if gynecomastia was classified from stage 1 to stage 2B. " 09/01/2007 - "According to Simon's classification: seven patients (63.6%) were classified as grade 1, three patients (27.2%) as grade 2 and one patient (9.09%) as grade 3. Each patient had a subdermal mastectomy with external periareolar incision, 11 patients (100%) had a histopathological report of gynecomastia; 1 patient (9.09%) displayed keloid healing and none displayed complications inherent to the surgical procedure. "