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Graves Disease (Basedow Disease)

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A common form of hyperthyroidism with a diffuse hyperplastic GOITER. It is an autoimmune disorder that produces antibodies against the THYROID STIMULATING HORMONE RECEPTOR. These autoantibodies activate the TSH receptor, thereby stimulating the THYROID GLAND and hypersecretion of THYROID HORMONES. These autoantibodies can also affect the eyes (GRAVES OPHTHALMOPATHY) and the skin (Graves dermopathy).

Also Known As:

Basedow Disease; Basedows Disease; Disease, Basedow; Disease, Basedow's; Disease, Graves; Disease, Graves'; Exophthalmic Goiters; Goiters, Exophthalmic; Basedow's Disease; Exophthalmic Goiter; Goiter, Exophthalmic; Graves' Disease

Networked: 5359 relevant articles (262 outcomes, 529 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Hyperthyroidism
2.	Thyroiditis
3.	Thyrotoxicosis
4.	Hypothyroidism
5.	Thyroid Diseases (Thyroid Disease)

Experts

1.	Smith, Terry J: 38 articles (03/2015 - 01/2002)
2.	Rapoport, Basil: 32 articles (06/2015 - 07/2002)
3.	McLachlan, Sandra M: 32 articles (06/2015 - 07/2002)
4.	Miyauchi, Akira: 27 articles (03/2015 - 05/2003)
5.	Amino, Nobuyuki: 22 articles (03/2015 - 02/2003)
6.	Ning, Guang: 21 articles (09/2015 - 04/2007)
7.	Chen, Chun-Rong: 20 articles (06/2015 - 07/2002)
8.	Hegedüs, Laszlo: 20 articles (01/2015 - 01/2004)
9.	Davies, Terry F: 20 articles (10/2014 - 07/2002)
10.	Douglas, Raymond S: 19 articles (09/2014 - 04/2006)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Graves Disease:

1.	Antithyroid Agents (Antithyroid Drugs)IBA 08/01/1989 - "Studies were performed on 42 unselected clinically euthyroid patients with Graves' disease under maintenance doses of antithyroid drugs for various clinical parameters to determine the remission rate and to investigate which parameters carry weight in determining the outcome of the disease and could be good predictive factors. " 06/01/2005 - "The treatment of Graves' disease (GD) with antithyroid drugs (ATD) leads to remission of the disease in approximately half of patients treated for at least six months, and the overall relapse rate is high, ranging from 60% to 80%. " 05/01/2005 - "There is no comparative cost-utility study between 131I therapy and antithyroid drugs (ATD) therapy for Graves' disease, though 131I therapy has higher remission rate and less side effects. " 05/15/2000 - "Surgery for Graves' disease was largely replaced in the mid-1900s by radioiodine and antithyroid drugs, due to the belief that they were more safe and effective. " 01/01/1994 - "Sustained remission can be observed among 30-50% of the patients long-term treated with antithyroid drugs for Graves' disease. "
2.	Methimazole (Thiamazole)FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/2015 - "Remission of Graves' disease is not related to early restoration of euthyroidism with high-dose methimazole therapy." 07/01/1999 - "Seventeen pediatric patients (mean age at diagnosis 10 yr and 9 mo +/- 2 yr and 9 mo) with Graves' disease treated with 0.3-0.7 mg/kg/day methimazole and followed for at least three years, during which drug suspension was attempted on attainment of good clinical and metabolic compensation, were retrospectively studied to look for factors predictive of lasting remission present at onset. " 01/01/2014 - "She was diagnosed with Graves' disease and started on methimazole, which relieved her symptoms for a few months. " 01/01/2013 - "In many countries, methimazole (MMI) therapy is the first-line treatment in children with Graves' disease (GD). " 05/01/2001 - "We examined the following four groups: patients with untreated thyrotoxic Graves' disease (untreated group), patients with Graves' disease treated with methimazole (treated group), patients in remission (remission group), and healthy volunteers (control group). "
3.	Thyrotropin Receptors (Thyrotropin Receptor)IBA 02/01/2004 - "The aim of this study was to evaluate the ability of the more sensitive second-generation TSH receptor (TRAb) assay to predict recurrent Graves' disease (GD) vs. remission depending on TRAb levels. " 01/01/2008 - "The majority of patients with Graves' disease gradually enter remission of TSH-receptor autoimmunity during medical or after surgical therapy, with no difference between the types of therapy. " 09/01/1989 - "Increased activated T-lymphocytes and normal thyrotropin receptor antibody levels in Graves' disease in long-term remission." 01/01/1989 - "It is hoped that understanding of Graves' disease will benefit from improvement in our knowledge of the TSH receptor structure and functions." 10/01/1985 - "Improved receptor and bioassays have been used to compare TSH receptor binding and thyroid stimulating activities in unextracted sera from 110 patients with Graves' disease. "
4.	AntibodiesIBA 01/01/2011 - "Therefore, this strain immunized with A-subunit-adenovirus that generates only functional TSHR antibodies may provide an improved model for studies of induced Graves' disease. " 10/01/2005 - "The aim of this study was to investigate the levels of serum TSAb and TBII in children with Graves' disease, and to evaluate the clinical significance of these antibodies. " 01/01/2003 - "Detailed studies on the anti-TSHR antibodies such as thyroid-stimulating blocking antibody, antibodies to the native TSHR by flow cytometry, and TSH-binding inhibiting Ig showed that they were heterogeneous and did not correlate with disease activity, thus resembling those present in patients with Graves' disease. " 04/01/1999 - "Characterization of recombinant monoclonal antithyrotropin receptor antibodies (TSHRAbs) derived from lymphocytes of patients with Graves' disease: epitope and binding study of two stimulatory TSHRAbs." 05/01/1998 - "Of this study was to determine whether success of radioiodine therapy (RIT) in Graves' disease depends on thyroid volume, function, thyroideal receptor antibodies (TRAK), thyreostasis, therapeutic dosage, 131I uptake, or effective half-life. "
5.	IodineIBA 03/01/2007 - "When used at sufficient doses, radioactive iodine is an effective cure for Graves' disease and is associated with few acute side effects. " 12/01/2006 - "However, a virtually complete remission or longstanding euthyroid state may be obtained with inorganic iodine therapy alone in patients with mild Graves' disease, who show small thyroid volume and low TRAb titers. " 12/01/2012 - "Radioactive iodine therapy presents a safe and effective alternative to the older conventional mode of management of Graves' disease" 11/01/2001 - "Treatment of Graves' disease with RAI followed by cold iodine was safe and effective. " 12/01/2015 - "Low iodine diet does not improve the efficacy of radioiodine for the treatment of Graves' disease."
6.	Thyroid-Stimulating ImmunoglobulinsIBA 10/01/2002 - "Neonatal Graves' disease tends to resolve spontaneously within 3-12 weeks as maternal thyroid stimulating immunoglobulins are cleared from the circulation but subsequent development may be impaired by perceptual motor difficulties. " 08/01/2001 - "Spontaneous remission of Graves' disease during pregnancy is thought to be due to a reduction of thyroid-stimulating antibody activity. " 02/01/1999 - "Spontaneous remission of Graves' disease with a decrease of thyroid stimulating antibody (TSAb) activity is commonly observed in pregnancy. " 04/01/1987 - "Many reports of thyroid stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) in relation to treatment of Graves' disease have been published and with variable results concerning prediction of permanent remission or relapse after therapy. " 06/01/1986 - "The data herein reported refer to 25 patients with Graves' disease in clinical remission, in whom we have attempted to correlate T cell subset imbalances, the presence of thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb) and the outcome of the subsequent relapse. "
7.	CarbimazoleIBA 06/01/1983 - "Carbimazole 30 mg once daily is a convenient and effective treatment for hyperthyroid Graves' disease. " 09/01/2014 - "To analyze the efficacy of low dose radioiodine therapy (5 mCi) in treatment of naive patients of Graves' disease in comparison to that in which it was already primed with an antithyroid drug, carbimazole. " 01/01/2013 - "Graves disease remained in remission after carbimazole withdrawal. " 01/01/2007 - "Carbimazole leads to remission in 61% of cases of Graves disease. " 05/01/1998 - "TSH suppression combined with carbimazole for Graves' disease: effect on remission and relapse rates."
8.	Thyroxine (Levothyroxine)FDA LinkGeneric 10/01/2007 - "Correlation between free thyroxin levels and left ventricular ejection fraction in Graves' disease (preliminary study)." 11/01/1958 - "Studies of thyroid function and the peripheral metabolism of I 131-labeled thyroxine in patients with treated Graves disease." 01/01/1954 - "[Clinical trials with thyroxin antagonists in Basedow's disease]." 12/15/2015 - "Treating Graves disease with RAI and surgery result in gland destruction or removal, necessitating life-long levothyroxine replacement. " 04/08/2015 - "A higher free thyroxine (FT4) value in the newborn was related to fewer days of life and mothers with Graves disease. "
9.	Thyrotropin (Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone)FDA Link 01/01/1991 - "A follow-up study of 85 patients with Graves' disease in remission who developed undetectable serum thyroid-stimulating hormone concentrations using sensitive TSH assays." 01/30/1988 - "[Ultrasensitive determination of thyrotropin in Graves' disease in remission]." 08/01/1984 - "An improved assay for thyrotropin-binding blocking activity in serum of patients with Graves' disease." 01/01/2015 - "Thyroid stimulating hormone suppression post-therapy in patients with Graves' disease: a systematic review of pathophysiology and clinical data." 09/01/2012 - "Thyrotrophin receptor antibody characteristics in a woman with long-standing Hashimoto's who developed Graves' disease and pretibial myxoedema."
10.	Propylthiouracil FDA Link 01/01/2011 - "Successful remission of Evans syndrome associated with Graves' disease by using propylthiouracil monotherapy." 03/01/1979 - "In Graves' disease (including those patients on propylthiouracil) in remission and treated with 131I, the correlation between TDA and hTSA was not significant (r = 0.309; P greater than 0.1); even when the procedures were compared in the untreated group alone, there was no significant correlation between the two activities (r = 0.309, P greater than 0.1). " 01/01/2009 - "Predictors of time to remission and treatment failure in patients with Graves' disease treated with propylthiouracil." 07/01/2001 - "One patient with SAA, which developed during treatment with propylthiouracil for Graves' disease, underwent allogeneic BMT and showed evidence of Graves' disease remission following BMT. " 06/01/1999 - "Therapy with propylthiouracil (PTU) improved fetal thyroid function tests as well as the clinical signs of fetal Graves' disease. "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Thyroidectomy 04/01/2011 - "Total thyroidectomy offers a rapid and complete cure for Graves' disease. " 08/01/1997 - "To clarify whether bone recovery is complete, we examined lumbar and femoral bone mineral density (BMD) by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) in 14 thyrotoxic premenopausal women with Graves' disease and 31 premenopausal women treated for Graves' disease by subtotal thyroidectomy who had been in remission for at least 3 years. " 09/01/2008 - "The use of the HS was associated with a significant reduction in operating time compared to the use of the conventional haemostatic techniques in patients with Graves' disease undergoing total thyroidectomy." 05/15/2000 - "The purpose of this study was to combine modern clinical trials and use meta-analysis to determine the overall efficacy of both total (TT) and subtotal thyroidectomy (ST) for Graves' disease, compare thyroid function and complications rates of TT and ST, and determine ideal thyroid remnant size. " 06/01/2010 - "Total thyroidectomy is superior to subtotal thyroidectomy for management of Graves' disease in the United States."
2.	Drug Therapy (Chemotherapy) 02/01/2003 - "Although many researchers have reported clinical and laboratory parameters for prediction of remission in Graves' disease during or after anti-thyroid drug therapy, there is no reliable one to assure the complete remission. " 03/05/1988 - "Drug therapy for Graves' disease in blacks--very low rates of remission." 01/01/1982 - "We suggest that the marked decrease in blood T lymphocytes observed in Graves' disease might be caused by the drug therapy. " 04/30/2010 - "More than a third of children with Graves' disease achieved long-term remission following antithyroid drug therapy, and remaining patients required definitive therapy." 01/01/2013 - "For patients with Graves' disease (GD), the primary goal of antithyroid drug therapy is to temporarily restore the patient to the euthyroid state and wait for a subsequent remission of the disease. "
3.	Aftercare (After-Treatment) 10/01/1983 - "These results confirm the usefulness of our T3 suppression test for predicting sustained remission of Graves' disease after treatment, and clearly indicate that long-term medical therapy could increase the number of remissions in patients with Graves' disease." 11/01/1982 - "Probability of recurrence can be assessed but sustained remission of Graves' disease after treatment cannot be predicted from either measurement alone or in combination." 01/01/2011 - "Drug discontinuation after treatment with minimum maintenance dose of an antithyroid drug in Graves' disease: a retrospective study on effects of treatment duration with minimum maintenance dose on lasting remission." 09/01/2015 - "Clinical and Dosimetric Variables Related to Outcome After Treatment of Graves' Disease With 550 and 1110 MBq of 131I: Results of a Prospective Randomized Trial." 11/01/2008 - "The main study groups were: (i) normal subjects; (ii) patients with early and untreated Graves' disease; and (iii) patients with Graves' disease studied after treatment. "
4.	Decompression 08/01/1994 - "We conclude, that transantral orbital decompression, though with moderate morbidity, gives good results in patients with the orbital complications of Graves' disease." 03/01/2006 - "To address the efficacy of fat-removal orbital decompression to reduce intraocular pressure in patients with Graves disease. " 01/01/2000 - "To evaluate in a prospective trial two surgical technique routinely used for orbital decompression in Graves' disease ophthalmopathy. " 12/01/2015 - "In functionally asymptomatic patients with Graves disease suffering from the aesthetic impairment of prominent eyes, the transpalpebral decompression by intraorbital fat removal technique has been proved to be reliable, effective, safe, and easily performed by a trained and experienced oculoplastic surgeon. " 01/01/2015 - "Infraorbital groove localisation for the endoscopic decompression of the orbit in Graves' disease."
5.	Radiotherapy 06/01/1998 - "Radiotherapy was effective in preventing exacerbations of active inflammatory ophthalmopathy in patients with Graves' disease with minimal morbidity and thus eliminated the adverse reactions associated with protracted corticosteroid use. " 01/01/1996 - "Orbital radiotherapy is recognised to be effective in the treatment of acute Graves' disease. " 05/01/1993 - "Although several studies indicate that hypothyroid Graves' disease is a different entity from hyperthyroid Graves' disease, this report suggests that steroid pulse therapy combined with radiotherapy may be effective to treat ophthalmopathy in both diseases." 10/01/2013 - "Current evidences suggest that high relapse rate and not so rare fatal side effects seen with ATD therapy compel one to consider other definite modes of treatment like radiotherapy and surgery for toxic Graves' disease after discussing this with the patient. " 03/01/2002 - "Since orbital radiotherapy is not free of risk and does not appear to be effective, it's place in therapy of Graves disease should be reassessed."