Gramicidin (Gramicidin A)

A group of peptide antibiotics from BACILLUS brevis. Gramicidin C or S is a cyclic, ten-amino acid polypeptide and gramicidins A, B, D are linear. Gramicidin is one of the two principal components of TYROTHRICIN which is used topically for gram-positive organisms. It is toxic to blood, liver, kidneys, meninges, and the olfactory apparatus.

Also Known As:

Networked: 111 relevant articles (7 outcomes, 11 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Drug Context: Research Results

Experts

1.	Wipf, Peter: 4 articles (07/2014 - 09/2007)
2.	Kagan, Valerian E: 3 articles (07/2010 - 09/2007)
3.	Antonenko, Yuri N: 2 articles (12/2014 - 03/2014)
4.	Greenberger, Joel S: 2 articles (07/2014 - 09/2007)
5.	David, Justin M: 2 articles (04/2014 - 11/2013)
6.	Rajasekaran, Ayyappan K: 2 articles (04/2014 - 11/2013)
7.	Owens, Tori A: 2 articles (04/2014 - 11/2013)
8.	Tyurina, Yulia Y: 2 articles (07/2010 - 09/2007)
9.	Fink, Mitchell P: 2 articles (01/2008 - 09/2007)
10.	Undem, Bradley J: 2 articles (02/2006 - 07/2005)

Related Diseases

1.	Neuroblastoma 01/01/1999 - "Studies were conducted using a novel in vitro approach to investigate the efficacy of acetamidine hydrochloride (ACE) and guanidine hydrochloride (GUAN), previously shown to block gramicidin D (GRAM) channels in artificial membranes, in preventing the toxic effects of GRAM in NG108-15 (neuroblastoma x glioma hybrid) cells. "
2.	Glioma (Gliomas) 01/01/1999 - "Studies were conducted using a novel in vitro approach to investigate the efficacy of acetamidine hydrochloride (ACE) and guanidine hydrochloride (GUAN), previously shown to block gramicidin D (GRAM) channels in artificial membranes, in preventing the toxic effects of GRAM in NG108-15 (neuroblastoma x glioma hybrid) cells. "
3.	Infection 08/01/2004 - "During the infection process, the host cell outer membrane becomes transiently permeable to lipophilic gramicidin D molecules proposing fusion with the viral membrane. " 04/30/1941 - "Gramicidin on the contrary exerts a much more subtle physiological effect on the susceptible bacterial cells and, when applied locally at the site of the infection, retains in vivo a striking activity against Gram-positive microorganisms." 04/01/1954 - "[Result of the treatment of chronic bacillary dysentery with gramicidin in the department of enteric infections]." 08/01/1984 - "Gramicidin D was more effective, but more toxic, than the standard antiprotozoal agents tested at curing in vivo malarial and babesial infections in mice." 12/01/2008 - "We report that the interaction of HSV-1 with human fibroblasts can be altered significantly by transient treatment of cultures with sodium arsenite, an inducer of heat shock and oxidative stress, or gramicidin D, a toxin that selectively permeabilizes cell membranes, prior to infection. "
4.	Acanthamoeba Keratitis 01/01/1990 - "Acanthamoeba keratitis successfully treated with prolonged propamidine isethionate and neomycin-polymyxin-gramicidin." 05/01/1999 - "To characterize patients with Acanthamoeba keratitis and to evaluate the safety and efficacy of propamidine isethionate 0.1% ophthalmic solution (Brolene) when administered concomitantly with neomycin-polymyxin B-gramicidin ophthalmic solution (Neotricin) in the treatment of Acanthamoeba keratitis. " 10/15/1990 - "Seven patients with documented Acanthamoeba keratitis were treated with prolonged and intensive triple antiamoebic therapy consisting of topical neomycin-polymyxin B-gramicidin, propamidine isethionate 0.1%, and miconazole nitrate 1%. "
5.	Bacterial Conjunctivitis 11/01/2002 - "Povidone-iodine 1.25% ophthalmic solution was as effective as neomycin-polymyxin B-gramicidin for treating bacterial conjunctivitis, somewhat more effective against chlamydia, and as ineffective against viral conjunctivitis. " 01/01/1982 - "Trimethoprim-polymyxin eye drops versus neomycin-polymyxin-gramicidin eye drops in the treatment of presumptive bacterial conjunctivitis - a double-blind study." 03/01/1983 - "Trimethoprim-polymyxin B ophthalmic solution in the treatment of presumptive bacterial conjunctivitis--a multicentre trial of its efficacy versus neomycin-polymyxin B-gramicidin and chloramphenicol ophthalmic solutions."

Related Drugs and Biologics

1.	Neomycin
2.	Polymyxin B (Aerosporin)
3.	Dexamethasone (Maxidex)
4.	Sofradex
5.	Framycetin (Framycetin Sulfate)
6.	Trimethoprim (Proloprim)
7.	Sulfacetamide (Bleph)
8.	Guanidine (Guanidine Nitrate)
9.	Artificial Membranes (Artificial Membrane)
10.	acetamidine

Related Therapies and Procedures

1.	Heterologous Transplantation (Xenotransplantation)
2.	Catheters
3.	Electrodes (Electrode)
4.	Curettage
5.	Aftercare (After-Treatment)