Chorionic Gonadotropin (Human Chorionic Gonadotropin)

A gonadotropic glycoprotein hormone produced primarily by the PLACENTA. Similar to the pituitary LUTEINIZING HORMONE in structure and function, chorionic gonadotropin is involved in maintaining the CORPUS LUTEUM during pregnancy. CG consists of two noncovalently linked subunits, alpha and beta. Within a species, the alpha subunit is virtually identical to the alpha subunits of the three pituitary glycoprotein hormones (TSH, LH, and FSH), but the beta subunit is unique and confers its biological specificity (CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN, BETA SUBUNIT, HUMAN).

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Networked: 3468 relevant articles (94 outcomes, 258 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Drug Context: Research Results

Experts

1.	Nicolaides, K H: 31 articles (09/2015 - 08/2000)
2.	Stenman, Ulf-Håkan: 20 articles (07/2014 - 06/2002)
3.	Wright, D: 19 articles (07/2015 - 05/2008)
4.	Kagan, K O: 14 articles (11/2012 - 02/2008)
5.	Spencer, K: 12 articles (01/2011 - 08/2000)
6.	Alfthan, Henrik: 11 articles (12/2013 - 05/2002)
7.	Huhtaniemi, Ilpo: 10 articles (01/2014 - 10/2002)
8.	Haglund, Caj: 9 articles (07/2014 - 05/2002)
9.	Hotakainen, Kristina: 9 articles (07/2014 - 06/2002)
10.	Barnhart, Kurt T: 9 articles (10/2012 - 07/2004)

Related Diseases

1.	Down Syndrome (Down's Syndrome) 02/01/1994 - "The median maternal serum free beta human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) multiple of the median (MOM) of 480 Down syndrome cases in the second trimester was 2.64, significantly greater than the reported median MOM of intact hCG (p < 0.0001). " 03/01/2007 - "The results of our analysis suggest that in a first-trimester Down syndrome screening protocol free beta-human chorionic gonadotropin achieves higher sensitivity and lower false-positive results than intact human chorionic gonadotropin . " 09/01/2007 - "The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness between total human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) and free beta-hCG in two-marker Down syndrome screening programs during the second trimester in a Taiwanese population. " 03/01/2007 - "Meta-analysis of first trimester Down syndrome screening studies: free beta-human chorionic gonadotropin significantly outperforms intact human chorionic gonadotropin in a multimarker protocol." 03/01/1998 - "Published studies have reached varying conclusions as to the benefit of replacing human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) measurements with the free beta-subunit of hCG (the free beta-subunit) for Down syndrome screening. "
2.	Neoplasms (Cancer) 01/01/2013 - "Intratubular trophoblasts in the contralateral testis caused elevation of serum human chorionic gonadotropin following complete remission of stage II testicular tumor: a case report." 06/01/2014 - "Despite numerous studies, the mechanism of hCGβ action in cancer remains unknown especially that not all tumors secreting hCGβ express the receptor for human chorionic gonadotropin (LHCGR). " 07/01/2008 - "Immunohistochemical studies demonstrated intense reactivity of tumor cells for human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) confirming the diagnosis. " 07/01/2005 - "In this study, MA-10 mouse Leydig tumor cells were treated with vehicle, different dosages of TM with or without human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG 50 ng/ml) to clarify the effects. " 09/01/2002 - "This study was designed to evaluate the monitoring impact of urinary beta-human chorionic gonadotropin (beta-HCG) on tumor growth in orthotopic implantation model. "
3.	Ectopic Pregnancy 10/01/2008 - "The introduction of highly sensitive methods, such as transvaginal sonography and measurement of serum b-human chorionic gonadotropin, has dramatically improved ectopic pregnancy diagnosis in recent years. " 04/01/1982 - "Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis of the relative efficacy of single and serial chorionic gonadotropin determinations in the early diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy." 04/01/1994 - "Serum human chorionic gonadotropin dynamics during spontaneous resolution of ectopic pregnancy." 06/01/1992 - "Today ectopic pregnancies can be recognized before the appearance of dramatic symptoms, mainly because of improved diagnostic methods, eg, endovaginal sonography and serial human chorionic gonadotropin determinations. " 03/01/1988 - "Improved methods for detecting ectopic pregnancy, including pelvic ultrasound and radioimmunoassay of the beta subunit of human chorionic gonadotropin, have increased the physician's ability to make an early and specific diagnosis. "
4.	Hydatidiform Mole (Molar Pregnancy) 07/01/2009 - "Six patients, 5 with complete and 1 with partial hydatidiform mole, had good outcome and normalization of beta-human chorionic gonadotropin (beta-hCG) levels within 5-7 weeks of evacuation. " 01/01/1989 - "Examining the level of SP1 after evacuation of hydatidiform mole it was established that SP1 was eliminated more quickly than human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) in urine during early pregnancy. " 03/01/2008 - "The objective of the present study was to assess the diagnostic potential of serum human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) ratios obtained at different intervals after evacuation of hydatidiform mole to diagnose persistent trophoblastic disease (PTD) and to compare its diagnostic accuracy with the current FIGO 2000 criteria as a gold standard. " 05/01/2005 - "Our results support the suggestion that a single undetectable human chorionic gonadotropin level after evacuation is sufficient follow-up to ensure remission in patients with partial hydatidiform moles." 08/01/1986 - "Serum samples, taken at initial diagnosis from nine patients with hydatidiform mole and spontaneous remission and 12 patients with subsequent progression to persistent trophoblastic disease, were assayed for free and total levels of the beta-subunit of human chorionic gonadotropin. "
5.	Germ Cell and Embryonal Neoplasms (Germ Cell Tumor) 03/13/1992 - "It has an important role in germ cell tumors and in association with chorionic gonadotropin and can predict response to therapy and the prospects of remission. " 03/01/2008 - "To avoid unnecessary treatment we suggest a new classification and algorithm for testicular germ cell tumors to discriminate real human chorionic gonadotropin from false-positive results. " 08/01/2015 - "Human chorionic gonadotropin is expressed virtually in all intracranial germ cell tumors." 05/01/2015 - "We report a mediastinal germ cell tumor (GCT) that exhibited a discrepancy between the time course of serum human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) levels and clinical consequences. " 01/01/2015 - "miR-371a-3p allows for better identification of testicular germ cell tumor than α1-fetoprotein and human chorionic gonadotropin. "

Related Drugs and Biologics

1.	alpha-Fetoproteins (AFP)
2.	Pregnancy-Associated Plasma Protein-A (PAPP-A)
3.	Biological Markers (Surrogate Marker)
4.	Gonadotropins
5.	Biological Tumor Markers (Tumor Markers)
6.	inhibin A
7.	Progesterone
8.	Carcinoembryonic Antigen
9.	Estriol (Epiestriol)
10.	Placental Lactogen (Human Placental Lactogen)

Related Therapies and Procedures

1.	Drug Therapy (Chemotherapy)
2.	Radiotherapy
3.	Injections
4.	Orchiectomy (Orchidectomy)
5.	Laparotomy