Nodular Goiter

An enlarged THYROID GLAND containing multiple nodules (THYROID NODULE), usually resulting from recurrent thyroid HYPERPLASIA and involution over many years to produce the irregular enlargement. Multinodular goiters may be nontoxic or may induce THYROTOXICOSIS.

Also Known As:

Networked: 775 relevant articles (24 outcomes, 109 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Hyperthyroidism
2.	Thyroiditis
3.	Neoplasms (Cancer)
4.	Graves Disease (Basedow Disease)
5.	Thyroid Neoplasms (Thyroid Cancer)

Experts

1.	Hegedüs, Laszlo: 19 articles (01/2021 - 02/2003)
2.	Bonnema, Steen Joop: 13 articles (10/2018 - 01/2005)
3.	Lewiński, Andrzej: 7 articles (01/2005 - 02/2003)
4.	Bonnema, Steen J: 6 articles (01/2021 - 02/2003)
5.	Dralle, H: 6 articles (08/2010 - 01/2001)
6.	Grupe, Peter: 5 articles (03/2015 - 07/2006)
7.	Bossowski, Artur: 5 articles (01/2013 - 10/2002)
8.	Pinchera, A: 5 articles (05/2011 - 01/2002)
9.	Nielsen, Viveque Egsgaard: 5 articles (08/2010 - 01/2005)
10.	Lange, Dariusz: 5 articles (04/2009 - 01/2004)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Nodular Goiter:

1.	IodineIBA 07/01/2015 - "In this study, we aimed to evaluate the clinical value of elastography on nodular goiters in mild iodine-deficient regions without excluding patients according to nodule characteristics. " 03/01/1966 - "Studies of iodine metabolism in endemic nodular goiter." 11/01/1957 - "A chromatographic study of thyroidal iodine metabolism in nontoxic nodular goiter." 10/01/2023 - " We compared thyroid volume (TV) and presence of nodular goiter (NG) in pregnant vs. non-pregnant women in an iodine-sufficient area. " 01/01/2023 - "To retrospectively analyze the iodine nutritional status in patients with nodular goiter (NG) and investigate a possible association between urinary iodine levels and thyroid function indices. "
2.	Thyrotropin AlfaFDA LinkGeneric 07/01/2003 - "In conclusion, in patients with nodular goiter pretreatment with a single, low dose of rhTSH allowed approximately 50-60% reduction of the therapeutic dose of radioiodine without compromising the efficacy of TV reduction." 11/01/2001 - "Our data suggest that pretreatment with rhTSH may improve the efficacy of radioiodine treatment for volume reduction of nodular goiters, especially in patients with a low baseline serum TSH level." 12/01/2011 - "Non-surgical approach to the benign nodular goiter: new opportunities by recombinant human TSH-stimulated 131I-therapy." 07/01/2011 - "One single dose of 0.03 mg of rhTSH increased the thyroid RAIU by 40% in patients with nodular goiter and low basal uptake. " 04/01/2006 - "In random order, 10 patients with nontoxic nodular goiter [mean 39.8 +/- 20.5 (sd) ml] received either 0.3 mg rhTSH or isotonic saline in a double-blinded crossover design. "
3.	Thyrotropin (Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone)FDA Link 01/01/2005 - "The aim of the present study was to assess the effects of chronic LT4 treatment at mildly inhibiting serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) doses on bone mineral density (BMD) and biochemical bone remodeling markers in a cohort of women with benign nodular goiter, and to verify the efficacy of the treatment on nodule size. " 05/22/2014 - "In this report, we describe the case of a 50-year-old Caucasian woman with a normal thyroid-stimulating hormone level who underwent surgery to treat a multi-nodular goiter. " 07/01/2011 - "Radioiodine 131I treatment for large nodular goiter: recombinant human thyrotropin allows the reduction of radioiodine 131I activity to be administered in patients with low uptake." 10/01/2000 - "Administration of a single low dose of recombinant human thyrotropin significantly enhances thyroid radioiodide uptake in nontoxic nodular goiter." 01/01/1993 - "Within 10 min after administration of highly purified human thyrotropin into the thyroid artery an increase of the secretion rates was observed in the 9 patients studied with normal thyroid glands and 5 patients with nontoxic nodular goiter. "
4.	Thyroxine (Levothyroxine)FDA LinkGeneric 11/01/1992 - "The efficacy of treatment with TSH suppressive doses of L-thyroxine was evaluated by echography in 35 patients with euthyroid nodular goiter. " 05/01/2007 - "55 patients with benign nodular goiter after the first PEI session during the whole study period (from 3 till 12 months after PEI) daily received euthyrox in a dosage - 50 mkg. " 09/15/2005 - "Although levothyroxine is the mostly prescribed medicament in Germany, its therapeutic effectiveness in nodular goiter was never studied in a randomized, double-blind trial with sufficient power. " 01/01/2005 - "Effects on bone mineral density by treatment of benign nodular goiter with mildly suppressive doses of L-thyroxine in a cohort women study." 03/01/2011 - "Serum thyroxine and age--rather than thyroid volume and serum TSH--are determinants of the thyroid radioiodine uptake in patients with nodular goiter."
5.	Calcitonin (Calcitonin, Eel)FDA LinkGeneric 06/01/1999 - "Their mean basal calcitonin level was 7.8+/-0.4 pg/mL with a range of 5-27 pg/mL. Seven hundred seventy-three patients with nodular goiter were included in the study (female:male 586:187) with the mean age of 46.1 years (range 17-78). " 01/01/2020 - "Calcitonin screening in patients with nodular goiter allows for early diagnosis of MTC and surgical curative treatment. " 01/01/2018 - "The consequent use of calcitonin measurement in nodular goiter helps to identify the rare MTC at an early stage. " 01/01/2018 - "[Recommendation for Calcitonin Screening in Nodular Goiter]." 01/01/2018 - "Calcitonin Screening in Nodular Goiter-Upper Limits."
6.	IodidesIBA 10/01/2015 - "Feline HT resembles toxic nodular goiter in humans, with autonomously functioning upregulated iodide uptake systems. " 03/15/2011 - "Significantly lower iodide content was found in nodular goiter thyroid samples. " 06/01/1985 - "Congenital iodide organification defect accompanied by a large nodular goiter: a case report." 07/01/1992 - "They are also useful adjuvants to antithyroid medications, surgery, and radioactive iodide treatment in patients with Graves' disease and toxic nodular goiters." 03/15/2011 - "The aim of the study was to examine correlations between the content of iodides in 66 nodular goiters and 100 healthy human thyroid tissues (50- frozen and 50 formalin-fixed). "
7.	Thyroid HormonesIBA 01/01/1998 - "[Generalized resistance to thyroid hormones in four patients with nodular goiter]." 01/01/1990 - "Our results suggest that recurrence of nodular goiter after surgery is not prevented by routine use of thyroid hormone." 04/01/1986 - "These results suggest that episodic degenerative discharge of thyroid hormone from nodular goiters may be a cause of impaired or blunted TSH response to TRH, frequently observed in patients with common nontoxic nodular goiters." 04/01/1986 - "Further data supporting episodic degenerative discharge of thyroid hormone from nodular goiters." 11/16/1984 - "[The thyrotropic function of the hypophysis and peripheral thyroid hormones after removal of bland and autonomous nodular goiters]."
8.	AntibodiesIBA 11/01/1993 - "[Interactions between serum antibodies of patients with autoimmune thyropathies and isolated cells of diffuse toxic euthyroid nodular goiter]." 12/01/1982 - "[Antithyroid antibodies in euthyroid nodular goiter after surgical treatment]." 09/01/2014 - "Based on the clinical diagnosis, patients were divided into four groups: AIT with nodules (N-AIT, 14.9%); nodular Graves disease (N-GD, 2.8%); nodular goiter and negative thyroid antibodies (NGAb-, 68.4%); and nodular goiter with positive thyroid antibodies (NGAb+, 13.9%). " 05/16/2014 - "Nodular goiter with thyroid antibodies in chronic idiopathic urticaria." 10/01/2013 - "US thyroid abnormalities were found in 101 subjects (50.3%): 91 nodular goiters (45.2%) and 13 US-thyroiditis (6.5%) associated with positive auto-antibodies in 11 of them. "
9.	ProcalcitoninIBA 09/01/2010 - "The aim of this study was to compare calcitonin and procalcitonin levels in MTC patients with active disease or in remission, and in patients with non-toxic nodular goiter (NTNG). "
10.	Antithyroid Agents (Antithyroid Drugs)IBA 12/01/1995 - "These findings suggest that during pregnancy PEI appears to be a rapid and safe therapy for toxic nodular goiter and an effective alternative to the administration of antithyroid drugs." 10/05/2015 - "The aim of this retrospective study is to evaluate the treatment outcomes in patients with toxic nodular goiter (TNG) that received radioiodine treatment (RAIT) and to determine the influence of age, gender, nodule size, I-131 dose, underlying etiology and antithyroid drugs on the outcomes of RAIT. " 03/01/2015 - "Both current and previous smokers showed an increased risk of simple nodular goiter compared to never smokers after adjustment for potential confounders and known goitrogen factors. " 07/01/2006 - "Alternative treatments, including the temporary use of antithyroid drugs, and surgery for nodular goiters, may be considered. " 05/01/2002 - "There are two explanations for this correlation: the level of serum AG may be an indirect index of the level of serum goitrogens, and higher serum AG and Increased frequency of nodular goiters might be a reflection of loss of residual renal function. "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Therapeutics 11/01/2014 - "Most authorities agree that ablative therapy with radioiodine is the treatment of choice for most cats with toxic nodular goiter, because the animals are older, and the disease will never go into remission. " 01/01/2016 - "Pilot studies of combined therapies treating benign nodular goiters reported promising results. " 04/01/2014 - "Efficacy of different protocols of radioiodine therapy for treatment of toxic nodular goiter: systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature." 01/01/2005 - "The present study compares, in a randomized double-blinded design, the expected and the actual absorbed thyroid radioactive dose in response to 0.3 mg recombinant human (rh)TSH (n = 35) or placebo (n = 28) given 24 h before (131)I therapy in patients with nodular goiter (median volume, 69 ml; range, 20-440 ml). " 01/01/2016 - "• The combined therapy shows a significant volume reduction in benign nodular goiters. "
2.	Thyroidectomy 03/01/2011 - "HT is a cause for diffuse or nodular goiter that may impinge on vital structures in the neck and thyroidectomy is safe and effective for relief of compressive symptoms." 03/01/2021 - "This case series describe the efficacy of hemi-thyroidectomy to relieve the compressive symptoms of cases having large multi-nodular goiter with preservation of the thyroid gland function. " 04/01/2018 - "This thesis consists of three published studies investigating the impact of thyroidectomy on: 1) changes in disease-specific quality of life, 2) swallowing symptoms and esophageal motility, and 3) tracheal anatomy and airflow, in a cohort of patients with benign nodular goiter." 11/01/2017 - "The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of thyroidectomy on tracheal anatomy and airflow and to correlate this with changes in health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in patients with benign nodular goiter. " 12/01/2015 - "In this study, 173 consecutive patients with multi-nodular goiter underwent thyroid operation in the department of surgery of Pursina Hospital in Rasht-Iran, using two different methods: Dunhill operation and total thyroidectomy. "
3.	Parathyroidectomy 01/01/2002 - "99mTc-MIBI radio-guided minimally invasive parathyroidectomy: experience with patients with normal thyroids and nodular goiters." 12/01/2019 - "CT normalized in all surgically cured patients regardless of the extent of the surgery (parathyroidectomy [PTX] only in 8 and associated with partial or total thyroidectomy for benign nodular goiters in 7). " 01/01/2021 - "Surgical volume for thyroidectomy for benign nodular goiter and parathyroidectomy significantly decreased, whereas adrenal surgery showed no significant difference in 2020 compared to 2019. " 05/01/2002 - "It can be concluded that a) in primary HPT patients with a high likelihood (according to scintigraphic and ultrasound findings) of being affected by a single PA and with a normal thyroid gland, the IGP technique appears useful in MIRS; b) a 99mTc-MIBI dose as low as 37 MBq appears to be adequate to perform MIRS; c) the measurement of QPTH is strongly recommended in HPT patients selected for MIRS to confirm the radicality of parathyroidectomy; d) MIRS can be useful also in HPT patients who underwent previous parathyroid or thyroid surgery to limit the surgical trauma of reoperation and minimize complications; e) with the exception of PAs located at ectopic sites or deep in the neck, the IGP technique does not seem to be recommendable in HPT patients with concomitant nodular goiter." 12/01/1998 - "During a period of 13 months, 39 of 65 consecutive patients with primary hyperparathyroidism were selected for endoscopic parathyroidectomy on the basis of the following criteria: preoperative echographic diagnosis of a single adenoma, absence of nodular goiter, and no prior neck operations. "
4.	Laser Therapy (Surgery, Laser) 01/01/2014 - "Surgery represents the gold standard treatment in patients with euthyroid massive nodular goiter, although new techniques - e.g., percutaneous laser ablation - are helpful in subjects at high surgical risk or refusing operation." 01/01/2007 - "Percutaneous laser ablation in the treatment of toxic and pretoxic nodular goiter." 07/01/2014 - "Laser ablation and 131-iodine: a 24-month pilot study of combined treatment for large toxic nodular goiter." 02/01/2003 - "Within a few years, the introduction of recombinant human TSH and laser therapy may profoundly alter the nonsurgical treatment of simple nodular goiter."
5.	Radiofrequency Ablation 07/01/2015 - "From May 2012 to September 2013, 200 patients with nodular goiters who underwent surgery (group A) and 200 patients treated by radiofrequency ablation (group B) were enrolled in this study. " 01/01/2020 - "All included patients had a diagnosis of benign nodular goiter and they underwent a single session of radiofrequency ablation. " 07/01/2015 - "Surgical resection and radiofrequency ablation are both effective treatments of nodular goiter. " 04/01/2015 - "Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) is a relatively novel procedure in the management of benign nodular goiter. " 01/01/2016 - "Risk of Malignancy in Symptomatic Nodular Goiter Treated with Radiofrequency Ablation."