Goiter

Enlargement of the THYROID GLAND that may increase from about 20 grams to hundreds of grams in human adults. Goiter is observed in individuals with normal thyroid function (euthyroidism), thyroid deficiency (HYPOTHYROIDISM), or hormone overproduction (HYPERTHYROIDISM). Goiter may be congenital or acquired, sporadic or endemic (GOITER, ENDEMIC).

Also Known As:

Networked: 4195 relevant articles (97 outcomes, 444 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Hyperthyroidism
2.	Hypothyroidism
3.	Thyroid Diseases (Thyroid Disease)
4.	Thyrotoxicosis
5.	Graves Disease (Basedow Disease)

Experts

1.	Hegedüs, Laszlo: 19 articles (03/2015 - 01/2002)
2.	Zimmermann, Michael B: 17 articles (05/2013 - 04/2002)
3.	Dralle, Henning: 15 articles (01/2015 - 08/2002)
4.	Azizi, F: 15 articles (05/2012 - 02/2001)
5.	Rivolta, Carina M: 13 articles (03/2015 - 09/2003)
6.	Targovnik, Héctor M: 13 articles (03/2015 - 09/2003)
7.	Medeiros-Neto, Geraldo: 13 articles (03/2012 - 02/2004)
8.	Laurberg, Peter: 12 articles (02/2016 - 01/2002)
9.	Pinchera, A: 12 articles (03/2013 - 03/2000)
10.	Amini, Masoud: 12 articles (11/2010 - 01/2002)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Goiter:

1.	IodineIBA 01/01/2000 - "Goiter rates and iodine deficiency usually show marked improvement in efficacy studies of mandatory iodization of salt, but little is known about the short-term effectiveness of mandatory iodization. " 08/01/1986 - "Iodination of the water was followed by a prompt and marked reduction in goiter prevalence, and by improvement in biochemical indices of iodine deficiency. " 08/01/2004 - "Despite good results of iodine treatment of non-toxic goiters, this case describes an unintended outcome leaving a patient without thyroid tissue, and a protracted course could have been avoided if the patient had undergone surgery earlier. " 07/01/1999 - "After promote iodinated-food consumption, good results with a decrease in goiter prevalence and a increase in urinary iodine excretion were observed. " 01/01/1996 - "There was a small but significant reduction in serum T3, FT3I as well as in the prevalence and severity of goiter 1 year following iodine treatment. "
2.	Thyroxine (Levothyroxine)FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/2008 - "Thus, our report supports previous findings that fetal goiter can be treated successfully with intra-amniotic injection of levothyroxine.More" 09/01/1991 - "Our study demonstrates that L-thyroxine treatment is effective in reducing goiter size in the majority of children with a diffuse goiter.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)" 05/01/2006 - "Levothyroxine treatment is effective in reducing thyroid volume in pediatric patients and is suggested in treatment of goiter caused by AIT, especially in cases of hypothyroid, but also in euthyroid children." 11/01/1992 - "In conclusion suppressive thyroxine treatment is effective in reducing the goiter, nodules instead are only in part sensitive to the treatment. " 01/01/1992 - "This case suggests that cordocentesis is a reliable method to assess the fetal thyroid status; moreover a single injection of intra-amniotic thyroxine was effective in treating fetal hypothyroid goiter."
3.	AntibodiesIBA 05/01/2013 - "The rate of remission was significantly higher in patients without goiter (94.9 vs. 28.6%) and in those who were negative for antithyroid antibodies (89.7 vs. 42.9%). " 02/01/2014 - "Progression odds increase with increasing baseline TSH, with goiter presence and with positive anti-thyroid antibodies (two studies in children). " 07/01/2006 - "A total of 47 patients with goiter and positive thyroid auto-antibodies participated in the study. " 09/01/2001 - "The Sardinian Autoimmunity Study: 3. Studies on circulating antithyroid antibodies in Sardinian schoolchildren: relationship to goiter prevalence and thyroid function." 04/01/2015 - "Generation of TSHR binding stimulatory antibodies (capacity to stimulate cAMP activity in TSHR-expressing test cells), goiter, and histological thyroid alterations were maintained for at least 9 months in all Ad-TSHR-immunized mice. "
4.	HormonesIBA 11/01/2002 - "Treatment was effective in reducing the goiter and hormone concentrations, and allowing normal growth and psychomotor development during the following 3.5 months. " 04/01/1963 - "Results indicated that suppressive therapy with thyroid hormone to tolerance is effective in diffuse goiters. " 01/01/1992 - "The current studies were aimed at clarifying the mechanism by which hormone-responsive, proliferating follicular cells arise in quiescent plateau phase rat goiters. " 12/01/1985 - "Comparative studies of histological differences between patients who were treated with thyroid hormone and those who were not were made in the patients who had no change in goiter size during the observation period, which was greater than 10 yr. The histological changes were similar in both groups at the beginning of the study, and no significant histological changes during the period of greater than 10 yr were found in either group. " 05/01/1969 - "[Study of thyroid hormone synthesis in a patient with congenital goiter]."
5.	Thyrotropin (Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone)FDA Link 03/01/2010 - "Radioiodine plus recombinant human thyrotropin do not cause acute airway compression and are effective in reducing multinodular goiter." 04/01/2014 - "Long-term efficacy of modified-release recombinant human thyrotropin augmented radioiodine therapy for benign multinodular goiter: results from a multicenter, international, randomized, placebo-controlled, dose-selection study." 06/01/2011 - "Recent studies have demonstrated that high environmental nitrate (NO3-N) inhibits the ability of the thyroid gland to utilize available iodide, resulting in thyroid gland overstimulation by thyroid stimulating hormone and ultimately leading to the development of goiter. " 10/01/2008 - "In this open-label study conducted between June 2002 and December 2004, euthyroid patients with small nontoxic multinodular goiters and normal thyrotropin concentrations were recruited from 4 sites in the United States. " 09/01/2007 - "Improvement of goiter volume reduction after 0.3 mg recombinant human thyrotropin-stimulated radioiodine therapy in patients with a very large goiter: a double-blinded, randomized trial."
6.	iodized salt (iodised salt)IBA 03/01/2006 - "In this study, the main risk factors for goiter were storage of iodized salt in open containers, medium SES and also living in specific districts of Qom city. " 11/01/2000 - "Our study concludes that use of iodised salt has beneficial effects towards prophylactic measures against goiter. " 01/01/1985 - "[Urinary excretion of iodide and incidence of goiter in Styria--studies 20 years after the introduction of compulsory iodinated salt prophylaxis]." 10/01/1952 - "Goiter prevention with iodized salt: results of a thirty-year study." 05/01/2015 - "Children's goiter prevalence decreased significantly after removing iodized salt from their diet for about one and half years in the HIA in Hebei province."
7.	ThyroglobulinFDA Link 01/01/2013 - "A clinically euthyroid child with a large goiter due to a thyroglobulin gene defect: clinical features and genetic studies." 07/01/2010 - "New insights into thyroglobulin pathophysiology revealed by the study of a family with congenital goiter." 08/01/2001 - "Here we report a study of 50 cases diagnosed as having nonendemic simple goiter, and found 1 case with a large heterozygous deletion within the thyroglobulin gene. " 04/01/2013 - "From onset, goiters are morphologically and functionally heterogeneous due to the polyclonal nature of the cells, with nodules distributed around areas of quiescent AFUs containing globules of compact thyroglobulin (Tg) and surrounded by a hypotrophic microvasculature. " 01/01/2012 - "The clinical characteristics of patients with thyroglobulin gene mutations are diverse, and some patients are diagnosed by chance on examination of goiter in adults. "
8.	3,3',5-triiodothyroacetic acid (Triac)IBA 10/01/1992 - "We found no significant clinical improvement with a maximal dose of Triac (2.1 mg/day), only minimal reduction in goiter size; mild decreases in T3 (9.9 to 6.7 nmol/L), free T4 (205 to 113 pmol/L), and TSH (5.7 to 5.4 mU/L); no change in STI (left ventricular ejection time, 0.389 to 0.401 sec); and an increase in O2 consumption (VO2, 164 to 209 mL/min). " 11/01/2007 - "These results show that Triac is more effective than L-T4 on goiter size, while having similar peripheral effects." 11/01/2003 - "The present results show that TRIAC is more effective than L-T(4) in the reduction of goiter size, with comparable effects on peripheral parameters." 11/01/2007 - "Goiter volume fell by at least 50% in 42% of patients treated with Triac and in 17.7% of patients treated with L-T4 (p=0.15). " 05/01/2004 - "Our results showed that TRIAC was more effective than T (3) to reduce MMI-induced goiter in a short-term goiter involution assay. "
9.	Thyrotropin Receptors (Thyrotropin Receptor)IBA 02/01/2013 - "This study has been performed on a Turkish population with multinodular goiter (MNG) to investigate the thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR) gene D727E and P52T polymorphisms. " 02/01/2010 - "The aim of the study was to investigate whether the mutations of the GNAS gene and thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR) gene were a potential molecular biological mechanism for subclinical toxic multinodular goiter (sTMG) and to evaluate the association of these mutations with the clinicopathological features of these disorders.Forty" 06/01/2000 - "The aim of the present study was to search for activating TSH receptor (TSHr) or Gs alpha mutations in areas of toxic or functionally autonomous multinodular goiters that appeared hyperfunctioning at thyroid scintiscan but did not clearly correspond to definite nodules at physical or ultrasonographic examination. " 05/01/2014 - "From 2003 through 2012, 89 hyperthyroid patients with diffuse goiter and negative TRAb based on a second- or third-generation assay underwent sequence analysis of the TSH receptor gene from peripheral leukocytes. " 12/01/2013 - "These results were supported by data on the goiter samples from the thyrotropin receptor adenovirus-induced GD mouse model (female). "
10.	Antithyroid Agents (Antithyroid Drugs)IBA 03/01/2003 - "A relatively low frequency of AIT, as observed in the present study, raises the possibility of a significant role of environmental goitrogens as the underlying pathogenetic factor in postiodization residual goiter in Indian schoolchildren." 01/01/1967 - "[Study of goiters provoked or aggravated by the untimely administration of synthetic antithyroid drugs]." 01/01/1965 - "[Development of goiter by means of synthetic antithyroid agents as an experimental model for the study of the thyrotropic secretory tonus in studies of physiology and pharmacology]." 01/01/2010 - "She had a thyrotoxic goiter and had experienced three paralytic attacks during the previous 2 years on occasions when she stopped taking antithyroid drugs. " 01/01/2005 - "Main indications for surgery were failure of treatment with antithyroid drugs (80.6%), large goiter (46.3%) and/or severe ophthalmopathy (23.1%). "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Thyroidectomy 06/01/2003 - "Total thyroidectomy, therefore, represents the most appropriate treatment for multinodular goiter, even when the disease is limited to one lobe, thereby providing a cure for the disease and at the same time a state of euthyroidism easily achieved with the proper therapy." 03/01/1997 - "Bilateral subtotal thyroidectomy was the best treatment for multinodular goiter in our series. " 01/01/2014 - "The treatment of benign multinodular goiter (BMNB) is a matter of ongoing debate in recent decades despite evidence that total thyroidectomy (TT) is associated with a significant reduction in disease recurrence and minimal morbidity in trained hands. " 10/01/2013 - "Patients with benign goiters experience significant improvement in QoL after thyroidectomy." 01/01/2008 - "Surgery is a good therapeutic option given that the goiter can be removed via the neck, with low morbidity, a remission of the symptoms, malignancy is ruled out, and recurrence can be avoided if a total thyroidectomy is performed."
2.	Drug Therapy (Chemotherapy) 05/01/2010 - "The patient subsequently underwent chemotherapy with resolution of the goiter and lung findings, and the patient remained in complete remission 1 year after chemotherapy. " 04/01/2004 - "Immediately after making an accurate pathologic diagnosis, chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy are effective in reducing enlarged goiters rather than surgical management." 12/01/1992 - "It is concluded that for patients with toxic multinodular goiter early radioiodine therapy or surgery is preferred since prolonged drug therapy seldom produces permanent remission." 12/01/1992 - "The chance of permanent remission after prolonged drug therapy was investigated in 41 patients with toxic multinodular goiter. " 11/01/1999 - "This is the first report to demonstrate that noninvasive management may be appropriate for fetuses with goiter caused by antithyroid drug therapy."
3.	Transplantation (Transplant Recipients) 07/01/2014 - "The morphology of human adenomatous goiter tissues was maintained from 24 to 44 weeks after transplantation in NOG mice with no noted differences between donor-matched tissues or the weeks after transplantation. " 01/01/1992 - "Goiters induced with two different regimens contained substantial numbers of cells capable of proliferating into functioning thyroid follicular tissue after transplantation. " 01/01/1992 - "Enzymatically monodispersed rat thyrocytes from early plateau phase and involuting goiters were analyzed for the capacity to form thyroid follicular units after transplantation into syngeneic recipients. " 01/01/1992 - "The plateau phase rat goiter contains a sub-population of TSH-responsive follicular cells capable of proliferation following transplantation." 01/01/1988 - "131I autoradiographs of xenotransplanted goiter tissue showed as marked a heterogeneity as did the original goitrous tissue prior to transplantation. "
4.	Aftercare (After-Treatment) 03/01/2015 - "Six months after treatment, the patients' ThyPRO scores had improved on six scales, with large/moderate effects on the Goiter Symptoms and Anxiety scales. " 03/01/1986 - "A study was made of function of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in patients with diffuse tosic goiter before and after treatment with thyrostatic and thyroid drugs respectively. " 02/01/2003 - "A 71-year-old woman sought further evaluation after treatment elsewhere for a 4-month history of a rapidly enlarging goiter causing local compression. " 02/01/1996 - "Thirteen patients with large multinodular nontoxic goiters were evaluated by estimation of FIF50%, FEF50%/FIF50% ratio and a graphic plot of the flow volume loop curve before and three, six and 12 months after treatment with 131I. " 04/01/1993 - "After treatment was stopped, the goiter gradually became nodular and calcified when the patient was in her late teens or early 20s; it then shrank. "
5.	Radiotherapy 04/01/1971 - "[Radiotherapy of postoperative recurrences of toxic goiter]." 02/01/1969 - "Radiotherapy of simple goiter]." 01/01/1964 - "[EXTERNAL RADIOTHERAPY OF MALIGNANT GOITER]." 04/22/1960 - "[Radiotherapy of euthyroid goiter with radioiodine I-131. " 01/01/1953 - "[The radiotherapy of simple goiter]."