Glutamate-Ammonia Ligase (Glutamine Synthetase)

An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of ATP, L-glutamate, and NH3 to ADP, orthophosphate, and L-glutamine. It also acts more slowly on 4-methylene-L-glutamate. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) EC 6.3.1.2.

Also Known As:

Networked: 785 relevant articles (13 outcomes, 59 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Bio-Agent Context: Research Results

Experts

1.	Eid, Tore: 15 articles (01/2022 - 01/2008)
2.	Lee, Tih-Shih W: 11 articles (01/2021 - 01/2008)
3.	Kakar, Sanjay: 9 articles (11/2019 - 11/2011)
4.	Zaveri, Hitten P: 8 articles (01/2022 - 08/2008)
5.	Dhaher, Roni: 7 articles (01/2022 - 10/2015)
6.	Bioulac-Sage, Paulette: 7 articles (01/2021 - 03/2009)
7.	Gonçalves, Carlos-Alberto: 7 articles (09/2017 - 09/2006)
8.	Quincozes-Santos, André: 6 articles (11/2022 - 07/2009)
9.	Görg, Boris: 6 articles (01/2022 - 11/2005)
10.	Häussinger, Dieter: 6 articles (01/2022 - 11/2005)

Related Diseases

1.	Neoplasms (Cancer) 08/01/1989 - "Marked decrease in glutamine synthetase activity was observed in the tumor cells. " 11/01/2019 - "Mutational and copy number analysis may be helpful in characterization and risk stratification of atypical hepatocellular neoplasms when morphology and glutamine synthetase staining yield ambiguous results." 04/01/1993 - "[Immunohistochemical study of glutamine synthetase expression in normal human brain and intracranial tumors]." 01/01/2023 - "Hepatic glutamine synthetase controls N5-methylglutamine in homeostasis and cancer." 01/01/2023 - "Glutamine synthetase regulates the immune microenvironment and cancer development through the inflammatory pathway."
2.	Hyperammonemia 09/01/1997 - "Developmental study of hepatic glutamine synthetase in a mouse model of congenital hyperammonemia." 01/01/2017 - "We investigated alterations in behavior, synaptic plasticity and gene expression in the hippocampus and dorsal striatum of transgenic mice with systemic hyperammonemia resulting from conditional knockout of hepatic glutamine synthetase (LGS-ko). " 01/01/2017 - "Impaired novelty acquisition and synaptic plasticity in congenital hyperammonemia caused by hepatic glutamine synthetase deficiency." 04/28/2015 - "Hyperammonemia in gene-targeted mice lacking functional hepatic glutamine synthetase." 01/01/2015 - "A baculovirus, termed Bac-GS, containing the glutamine synthetase (GS) gene was constructed for the in vitro and in vivo treatment of hyperammonemia. "
3.	Liver Cell Adenoma (Hepatocellular Adenoma) 01/01/2021 - "Predictive Patterns of Glutamine Synthetase Immunohistochemical Staining in CTNNB1-mutated Hepatocellular Adenomas." 12/01/2017 - "Glutamine synthetase staining and CTTNB1 mutation in hepatocellular adenomas." 10/01/2014 - "Glutamine synthetase interpretation in hepatocellular adenoma." 01/01/2014 - "The majority of inflammatory hepatocellular adenomas demonstrated perivascular and/or patchy glutamine synthetase staining (73.6%), while the remaining cases had diffuse (7.5%), negative (3.8%), or patchy pattern of staining (15%) that showed subtle differences from the classic map-like staining pattern and was designated as pseudo map-like staining. " 01/01/2013 - "Value and limits of routine histology alone or combined with glutamine synthetase immunostaining in the diagnosis of hepatocellular adenoma subtypes on surgical specimens."
4.	Hepatic Encephalopathy 01/01/2020 - "We analyzed transcription of selected genes in cortex and dorsal striatum in a mouse model of inborn hyperammonemia (liver-specific glutamine synthetase knockout: LGS-KO) and compared it with human hepatic encephalopathy. " 01/01/2022 - "This hypothesis suggests that inhibiting glutamine synthetase with its well-characterized inhibitor, methionine sulfoximine, might prove therapeutic in cases of hepatic encephalopathy, a conclusion supported by their subsequent studies in animals. " 11/01/2020 - "This review discusses the emerging roles of glutamine synthetase in brain pathophysiology, particularly aspects related to ammonia homeostasis and hepatic encephalopathy." 03/01/2012 - "Glutamine synthetase (GS) plays a central role in the inter-organ metabolism of ammonia and hepatic encephalopathy. " 03/01/1993 - "Recently it was shown that ammonia caused some of the metabolic signs of hepatic encephalopathy only after it was metabolized by glutamine synthetase in the brain. "
5.	Fibrosis (Cirrhosis) 01/01/2020 - "This study shows that aberrant glutamine synthetase positivity adjacent to portal tracts is present in regressed cirrhosis and can be useful in identifying regressed cirrhosis when it is histologically suspected." 01/01/2020 - "No normal cases had glutamine synthetase positivity adjacent to portal tracts, and half of cirrhosis cases had areas showing features of regression, with focal glutamine synthetase positivity adjacent to portal tracts. " 01/01/2020 - "All regressed cirrhosis cases (100%) had areas of aberrant glutamine synthetase positivity adjacent to portal tracts, indicating that portal tract-central vein approximation had occurred (p < 0.001 compared to all other categories). " 01/01/2020 - "We performed glutamine synthetase immunohistochemistry on 49 liver specimens (16 regressed cirrhosis, 18 cirrhotic, and 15 normal livers). " 01/01/2020 - "Hence, we hypothesized that aberrant glutamine synthetase positivity adjacent to portal tracts would help identify regressed cirrhosis. "

Related Drugs and Biologics

1.	Enzymes
2.	Ammonia
3.	Glutamine (L-Glutamine)
4.	Proteins (Proteins, Gene)
5.	Catenins
6.	Methionine Sulfoximine
7.	Peptides (Polypeptides)
8.	DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)
9.	Fatty Acid-Binding Proteins
10.	Amyloid (Amyloid Fibrils)

Related Therapies and Procedures

1.	Bioreactors (Bioreactor)
2.	Therapeutics
3.	Liver Transplantation
4.	Radiotherapy
5.	Artificial Liver (Bioartificial Liver)