Glutamate Decarboxylase (Decarboxylase, Glutamate)

A pyridoxal-phosphate protein that catalyzes the alpha-decarboxylation of L-glutamic acid to form gamma-aminobutyric acid and carbon dioxide. The enzyme is found in bacteria and in invertebrate and vertebrate nervous systems. It is the rate-limiting enzyme in determining GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID levels in normal nervous tissues. The brain enzyme also acts on L-cysteate, L-cysteine sulfinate, and L-aspartate. EC 4.1.1.15.

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Networked: 1209 relevant articles (12 outcomes, 112 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Bio-Agent Context: Research Results

Experts

1.	Vincent, Angela: 15 articles (09/2013 - 03/2005)
2.	Huang, Gan: 13 articles (12/2015 - 01/2003)
3.	Lewis, David A: 11 articles (01/2015 - 12/2002)
4.	Hampe, Christiane S: 10 articles (01/2015 - 08/2002)
5.	Li, Xia: 9 articles (11/2013 - 01/2003)
6.	Knip, Mikael: 8 articles (08/2015 - 01/2002)
7.	Lang, Bethan: 8 articles (03/2014 - 10/2006)
8.	Yang, Lin: 8 articles (11/2013 - 01/2003)
9.	Guidotti, Alessandro: 8 articles (05/2013 - 02/2002)
10.	Bien, Christian G: 7 articles (08/2015 - 04/2010)

Related Diseases

1.	Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (Autoimmune Diabetes) 12/15/2004 - "In this study a glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) diabetogenic epitope was expressed on an Ig to enhance tolerogenic function, and the resulting Ig-GAD expanded Tregs in both young and older insulitis-positive, nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice, but delayed autoimmune diabetes only in the former. " 12/01/2003 - "To investigate the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MS) in latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA) and to study the positivity of glutamic acid decarboxylase autoantibody (GADA) in diabetic patients with MS. Sera of 598 patients with an initial diagnosis of type 2 diabetes (T2DM) were screened for GADA with radioligand assay. " 08/01/2003 - "To study the diagnostic values of detection of glutamic acid decarboxylase antibody (GAD-Ab) for latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA). " 07/15/2003 - "In this study the role of DM in HLA-DR4-restricted presentation of an insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus autoantigen, glutamate decarboxylase (GAD), was tested. " 12/01/1998 - "Since autoimmune responses to glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) are up-regulated in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM), in this study GAD67-specific antibody, T cell proliferation and lymphokine production patterns were analysed in the adjuvant-treated mice to characterize the regulatory mechanisms underlying the protection. "
2.	Diabetes Mellitus 01/15/2005 - "A biosensor chip utilizing surface plasmon resonance (SPR) was fabricated for detecting anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) antibody, which is an indicator of the presence of type I diabetes mellitus. " 11/01/2001 - "Simultaneously, she was noticed to have diabetes mellitus with high titers of anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) antibody. " 06/01/2000 - "Cross-reactive rubella virus and glutamic acid decarboxylase (65 and 67) protein determinants recognised by T cells of patients with type I diabetes mellitus." 09/01/1997 - "1) Examinations for diagnosis of diabetes mellitus: Assay of autoantibody to glutamic acid decarboxylase was commercially developed recently. " 10/01/2000 - "To investigate the diagnostic efficacy of glutamic acid decarboxylase antibody (GAD65-Ab) and islet cell antibody (ICA) in type I diabetes mellitus. "
3.	Seizures (Seizure) 10/01/2014 - "Brain excitatory and inhibitory amino acid content did not change with treatment, and glutamate decarboxylase activity was not associated with seizure susceptibility. " 02/01/2013 - "Genetic variability in glutamic acid decarboxylase genes: associations with post-traumatic seizures after severe TBI." 01/01/2011 - " Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) was previously shown to be increased after convulsive seizures in the mossy fiber terminals (MFTs) of hippocampus. " 01/01/2010 - "Concurrent injection of MK and KA attenuated KA-induced seizure activity and cell death of hippocampal neurons including pyramidal cells and glutamic acid decarboxylase 67 (GAD67)-positive GABAergic interneurons in the CA3 and hilar area. " 02/01/2008 - "After an intracerebroventricular injection of 0.1 microg of KA, acupuncture treatment was subsequently administered once more (total 3 times), and the degree of seizure was observed for 20 min. Three hours after injection, the survival of neuronal cells and the expressions of c-Fos, c-Jun, and glutamate decarboxylase (GAD)-67 in the CA1 and CA3 were determined using immunohistochemistry and Western blotting techniques. "
4.	Insulinoma 10/01/1995 - "Although the insulinoma membrane preparation is known to contain glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), none of the six T cell lines proliferates in response to purified GAD. " 10/01/2011 - "We investigated the association of glutamic acid decarboxylase autoantibodies (GADA) and insulinoma-associated antigen-2 autoantibodies (IA-2A) with the HLA region. " 01/01/2011 - "Antibodies to glutamic acid decarboxylase nor insulinoma associated antigen-2 were not detected. " 08/01/2006 - "He had positive glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) and insulinoma-associated antigen-2 (IA-2) antibodies, both uncommon in this syndrome. " 11/05/1976 - "High concentration of GABA and high glutamate decarboxylase activity in rat pancreatic islets and human insulinoma."
5.	Parkinson Disease (Parkinson's Disease) 06/23/2007 - "We aimed to measure the safety, tolerability, and potential efficacy of transfer of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) gene with adeno-associated virus (AAV) into the subthalamic nucleus of patients with Parkinson's disease. " 08/01/2005 - "In this study, we report the amelioration of parkinsonian symptoms in rat Parkinson's disease (PD) models, as a result of the expression of glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) 65 with a modified cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter. " 01/01/2005 - "Eleven of 12 patients have been enrolled in the first FDA-approved phase I subthalamic glutamic acid decarboxylase gene therapy trial for Parkinson's disease, with currently no evidence of adverse events. " 07/01/2010 - "NLX-P101, an adeno-associated virus gene therapy encoding glutamic acid decarboxylase, for the potential treatment of Parkinson's disease." 06/01/1985 - "Brain glutamate decarboxylase in Parkinson's disease with particular reference to a premortem severity index."

Related Drugs and Biologics

1.	Autoantibodies
2.	Antibodies
3.	Insulin (Novolin)
4.	Antigens
5.	gamma-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA)
6.	C-Peptide
7.	zinc-binding protein (zinc binding protein)
8.	Peptide Fragments
9.	islet cell antibody
10.	Glucagon (Glukagon)

Related Therapies and Procedures

1.	Intraperitoneal Injections
2.	Resuscitation
3.	Lasers (Laser)
4.	Immunotherapy
5.	Plasmapheresis