Glaucoma

An ocular disease, occurring in many forms, having as its primary characteristics an unstable or a sustained increase in the intraocular pressure which the eye cannot withstand without damage to its structure or impairment of its function. The consequences of the increased pressure may be manifested in a variety of symptoms, depending upon type and severity, such as excavation of the optic disk, hardness of the eyeball, corneal anesthesia, reduced visual acuity, seeing of colored halos around lights, disturbed dark adaptation, visual field defects, and headaches. (Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)

Also Known As:

Networked: 13524 relevant articles (824 outcomes, 1552 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Cataract (Cataracts)
2.	Ocular Hypertension (Glaucoma, Suspect)
3.	Open-Angle Glaucoma (Glaucoma, Open Angle)
4.	Blister (Bulla)
5.	Uveitis

Experts

1.	Weinreb, Robert N: 103 articles (11/2015 - 01/2002)
2.	Zangwill, Linda M: 54 articles (11/2015 - 01/2002)
3.	Medeiros, Felipe A: 51 articles (11/2015 - 08/2002)
4.	Ritch, Robert: 44 articles (01/2015 - 10/2002)
5.	Aung, Tin: 42 articles (11/2015 - 02/2004)
6.	Caprioli, Joseph: 41 articles (01/2016 - 05/2002)
7.	Quigley, Harry A: 41 articles (07/2015 - 02/2002)
8.	Clark, Abbot F: 41 articles (06/2015 - 05/2002)
9.	Budenz, Donald L: 39 articles (01/2016 - 05/2002)
10.	Park, Ki Ho: 36 articles (12/2015 - 06/2002)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Glaucoma:

1.	Timolol (Blocadren)FDA LinkGeneric 05/01/2002 - "Evidence of the presence of a new metabolite is important from the aspect of understanding and more accurate definition of the action of Timoptol in tissue structures of the eye and thus also for possible effective treatment of glaucoma." 01/01/1987 - "Since D-timolol is effective in reducing intraocular pressure, these results indicate that D-timolol is superior to L-timolol for glaucoma treatment. " 08/01/1983 - "A group of 130 patients with chronic glaucoma has been followed from one to more than three years on timolol maleate drops; this confirms that these drops remain effective in long-term therapy through added therapy is usually needed. " 11/01/2013 - "Timolol is an effective and safe medication that is widely used in glaucoma treatment. " 08/01/1985 - "Thirty-one eyes (78%) in this group had a pressure drop; 18 eyes (45%) had a pressure drop of greater than 10 mm Hg. We conclude that timolol is effective in the treatment of pediatric glaucoma, although there is a need to be aware of its potential complications."
2.	latanoprost (Xalatan)FDA Link 07/01/2011 - "The introduction of the first prostaglandin analogue, latanoprost, dramatically improved treatment persistence for glaucoma patients. " 04/01/2000 - "These results suggest that latanoprost may be very effective in some patients with poorly controlled glaucoma on multiple therapy." 11/01/2002 - "The criterion for success was defined as having an IOP reduction of at least 20% from baseline or a final IOP of less than 22 mm Hg. Several clinical pretreatment variables (age, gender, ocular laterality, type of glaucoma, number of antiglaucomatous medications at study entry, pretreatment IOP) were analyzed for a significant effect on the efficacy of latanoprost additive therapy. " 02/01/2001 - "These effects of latanoprost may be beneficial in the management of glaucoma patients." 03/01/2003 - "However, latanoprost was effective in only a minority of pediatric cases of glaucoma and is contraindicated in all forms of uveitic glaucoma. "
3.	Mitomycin (Mitomycin-C)FDA LinkGeneric 03/01/1998 - "Adjunctive mitomycin C significantly (P < .05) improved the filtration outcome of the primary glaucoma triple procedure in the subgroups with each of the three prognostic factors for filtration failure of primary glaucoma triple procedure. " 07/01/2002 - "Mitomycin and rAd.p21 were effective in preventing fibroproliferation and wound healing in a rabbit model of glaucoma surgery. " 03/01/2000 - "In this retrospective case series with relatively short follow-ups, AGV implantation with mitomycin C in refractory glaucoma appears to be effective without increased complication rates." 10/01/2009 - "To evaluate the safety and efficacy of deep sclerectomy with implant and mitomycin C in uveitic glaucoma. " 01/01/1995 - "The authors assessed the efficacy of adjunctive intraoperative mitomycin C to produce lower intraocular pressures (IOPs) in patients with complicated glaucoma who underwent double-plate Molteno implantation. "
4.	Retinaldehyde (Retinal)IBA 01/01/2009 - "Quantitative imaging methods such as Heidelberg Retinal Tomography (HRT) and Ocular Coherence Tomography (OCT) show great promise for the diagnosis and management of glaucoma and as these technologies continue to improve, they will become more important in the care of glaucoma. " 08/01/2013 - "This technology has the potential to pre-empt the diagnosis of glaucoma prior to visual deterioration, to provide an accurate numeric evaluation highlighting even small retinal changes and to allow the rapid judgement of the efficacy of both current and new therapeutic strategies. " 05/01/2013 - "Early interventions aimed to protect the retinal microvasculature and improve blood supply are likely to be beneficial for the treatment of glaucoma." 03/01/2013 - "Community-based screening of high-risk groups with functional testing using FDT perimetry can be effective, but newer automated structural measurements of the optic nerve and retinal nerve fiber layer may allow improved glaucoma screening sensitivity and specificity in the future." 12/01/2012 - "We recognised a significant reduction of the retinal nerve fibre layer thickness and the amplitude in the pattern ERG in the cluster of glaucoma patients. "
5.	dorzolamide (Trusopt)FDA LinkGeneric 06/01/2003 - "Based on this study, dorzolamide is a potentially effective treatment for glaucoma in cats, significantly lowering intraocular pressure." 08/01/1999 - "Dorzolamide is effective and safe when used alone or in combination with other topical antiglaucoma medications for the treatment of glaucoma." 04/01/2003 - "To study the tolerability and efficacy of dorzolamide (a topical CAI) in a selected group of glaucoma and ocular hypertensive patients who have been intolerant to systemic CAI. " 06/01/2010 - "One large study (European Glaucoma Prevention Study) with dorzolamide versus placebo failed to detect significant protective effect of the drug on glaucoma occurrence in ocular hypertensives. " 04/01/2006 - "European Glaucoma Prevention Study patients were randomized to receive either topical dorzolamide or the vehicle for the commercially available solution without a specific intraocular pressure goal. "
6.	brimonidine (Alphagan)FDA LinkGeneric 10/01/2011 - "Brimonidine, an alpha-2 adrenoceptor agonist, is an effective and safe medication that is widely used in glaucoma treatment. " 12/01/2005 - "Although brimonidine is effective in lowering IOP in children, alternative glaucoma therapy should be considered especially in children weighing <20 kg and those younger than 6 years." 04/01/2000 - "This study indicates that 0.2% brimonidine acutely associated with beta-blockers is an interesting new combination treatment useful in the management of glaucoma." 12/01/2005 - "To investigate brimonidine-related side effects and the efficacy of brimonidine in lowering intraocular pressure (IOP) in children with primary infantile and secondary glaucoma. " 12/01/2003 - "Glaucoma patients exhibit improved CS on initiation of brimonidine therapy."
7.	bimatoprost (Lumigan)FDA Link 07/01/2009 - "Bimatoprost was effective and safe in lowering IOP both in open angle and pseudoexfoliative glaucoma, achieving target pressure in most patients. " 06/01/2005 - "Bimatoprost (Lumigan), Allergan) is a highly efficacious ocular hypotensive agent that provides good diurnal control of intraocular pressure in glaucoma and ocular hypertensive patients. " 03/01/2004 - "Bimatoprost is a pharmacologically unique and highly efficacious anti-glaucoma agent. " 09/01/2013 - "Estimate the long-term direct medical costs and clinical consequences of improved adherence with bimatoprost 0.01% compared to bimatoprost 0.03% in the treatment of glaucoma. " 04/01/2014 - "Bimatoprost 0.01% vs bimatoprost 0.03%: a 12-month prospective trial of clinical and in vivo confocal microscopy in glaucoma patients."
8.	Ophthalmic Solutions (Eye Drops)IBA 06/01/2007 - "Because the efficacy of both drugs was equivalent, with an identical safety profile, the long-acting eye drops seem to be an efficacious formulation for clinical use in Japanese glaucoma patients." 01/01/2008 - "This study indicates that easily comprehensible patient education on the use of eye drops, the nature of glaucoma and the proper use of prescribed drugs is vital to improving the clinical efficacy of topical ophthalmic medication of glaucoma in adult patients." 08/01/1991 - "Preservative-free beta-blocking eye drops are a real improvement in the therapy of glaucoma patients with irritated eyes." 03/01/2015 - "The purpose of this study was to evaluate the stabilty of precorneal tear film in glaucoma patient prior and after administration of lubricant eye drops with different tipe of preservatives. " 02/01/2015 - "This study underlines the importance of hygienic handling of eyedrops and raises the question of whether single-use glaucoma medication might be preferred to reduce the risk of contamination."
9.	Fluorouracil (Carac)FDA LinkGeneric 04/01/2004 - "Subjects entering a prospective, randomised, controlled trial of intraoperative 5-fluorouracil in glaucoma surgery in Singapore were included. " 11/15/1993 - "In a study population of black Africans with advanced glaucoma in Ghana we conducted a prospective study of intraoperative 5-fluorouracil alone. " 01/01/2015 - "Group A received combined 5-Fu-polycaprolactone sustained-release film application and Ahmed glaucoma valve implantation, group B received local infiltration of 5-Fu and Ahmed glaucoma valve implantation, and group C received Ahmed glaucoma valve implantation. " 01/01/2014 - "5-Fluorouracil for glaucoma surgery." 02/01/2012 - "The mean number of glaucoma medications at baseline was higher in the 5FU group (0.8±1.1 [mean ± standard deviation] vs. 0.2±0.6, P = 0.04). "
10.	SiliconesIBA 07/01/2011 - "Drainage of the aqueous humor from the anterior chamber to the suprachoroidal space via implantation of a modified silicone implant is effective in lowering the IOP in intractable glaucoma." 06/01/2014 - "The success rate was 60.7 % (17 eyes) and 57.1 % (eight eyes) for phakic and aphakic eyes, respectively (p > 0.05) CONCLUSIONS: SLT is a safe and effective option for the treatment of patients with silicone oil-induced secondary glaucoma." 03/01/2005 - "Our results raise doubts about the efficacy of TSCPC in the management of glaucoma in eyes retaining silicone oil. " 01/01/1992 - "The removal of silicone oil from eyes with secondary glaucoma resulted in an improvement in 68% of patients. " 04/01/1990 - "The majority of the cases in which the silicone oil caused secondary glaucoma by emulsification responded well to medication alone or removal of the silicone oil."

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Trabeculectomy (Trabeculoplasty) 01/01/1991 - "Trabeculotomy gave the best results and can be considered as the most efficient operation in congenital glaucoma." 11/01/1989 - "Trabeculotomy gives the best results and is the most suitable intervention in congenital glaucoma." 09/01/2001 - "The postoperative IOP in these 11 eyes was 15.5 +/- 2.8 mm Hg. Trabeculotomy is very effective in lowering the IOP in patients with juvenile glaucoma. " 01/01/1976 - "It is concluded that, contrary to the situation in adult onset glaucoma, the strong proliferative tendency of juvenile tissue has a marked influence on the postoperative efficacy of the trabeculotomy." 12/01/2014 - "Filtering procedures, such as trabeculectomy and glaucoma drainage devices, are effective in lowering IOP, but they have significant associated adverse events and rates of failure. "
2.	Lasers (Laser) 01/01/1999 - "The confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscope and the scanning laser polarimeter are two new imaging devices that may be beneficial in the diagnosis and monitoring of glaucoma patients. " 06/01/2013 - "SLT results in a larger reduction of number of glaucoma medications versus ALT, and it appeared to be more effective for patients who did not respond adequately to previous laser treatment. " 10/01/2011 - "Low-energy SLT is as effective in lowering IOP with less complications compared with conventional laser energy SLT, which can be considered as an option for glaucoma therapy." 02/01/2004 - "Using an energy setting of 3 J per spot, both the contact and non-contact methods of laser delivery were found to be equally effective in lowering IOP in eyes with refractory glaucoma." 01/01/1998 - "Endoscopic laser cycloablation can be effective in treating glaucoma. "
3.	Filtering Surgery 02/01/2009 - "If glaucoma filtration surgery is required, there are generally good results. " 02/01/2009 - "The three eyes that had glaucoma filtration surgery had good outcomes. " 12/01/2004 - "Glaucoma filtration surgery in pseudophakic eyes significantly improved IOP and reduced glaucoma medication requirements while maintaining stability of vision. " 02/01/2000 - "Postoperative values for anterior chamber depth were significantly greater in patients with glaucoma who underwent combined surgery, but no significant changes were observed in those who underwent filtration surgery alone. " 11/01/1994 - "Antifibrosis agents have improved the success of glaucoma filtration surgery, although undesired side effects are not readily reversible and may present a major limitation in the use of these agents. "
4.	Phacoemulsification 04/01/2015 - "iStent implantation resulted in similar IOP reduction to phacoemulsification alone but achieved a significantly greater reduction in glaucoma medications. " 04/01/2005 - "Phacoemulsification in eyes after filtering glaucoma surgery resulted in a stable IOP, a non-significant increase in the number of antiglaucoma medications and a significantly improved BCVA." 06/01/2003 - "Clear corneal or scleral tunnel phacoemulsification in the setting of a preexisting glaucoma filter was associated with improved BCVA, a small but statistically significant increase in IOP, and stability in the number of glaucoma medicines required for IOP control over a minimum follow-up of 1 year." 12/01/2014 - "The triple procedure is more effective in lowering intraocular pressure compared to phacoemulsification and trabecular aspiration alone in pseudoexfoliation glaucoma." 05/01/2010 - "Phacoemulsification with IOL implantation was effective in treating phacomorphic glaucoma."
5.	Semiconductor Lasers 11/01/2007 - "Except for phacoextraction, which is very frequently helpful in controlling IOP, incisional filtering procedures or laser diode cyclophotocoagulations remain infrequently indicated in over-eighties glaucoma patients." 01/01/2000 - "Diode laser transscleral cyclophotocoagulation is a safe and effective method of secondary glaucoma therapy in children uncontrolled with other methods of medical and surgical therapy or when the surgery has a high risk of postoperative complications." 07/01/2005 - "Cyclocryotherapy and diode laser cyclophotocoagulation are equally effective in decreasing intraocular pressure in patients with persistent uncontrolled glaucoma, with a lower rate of complications associated with diode laser cyclophotocoagulation." 12/01/2000 - "Contact trans-scleral diode laser cyclophotocoagulation is effective in lowering IOP in eyes with intractable glaucoma with few side effects in Indian subjects." 12/01/1997 - "In Asian patients with refractory glaucoma or painful glaucomatous eyes with poor visual acuity (defined for this study as worse than 20/200), low-energy-setting diode laser contact transscleral cyclophotocoagulation by means of the glass ball probe is relatively effective and safe."