Glanders

A contagious disease of horses that can be transmitted to humans. It is caused by BURKHOLDERIA MALLEI and characterized by ulceration of the respiratory mucosa and an eruption of nodules on the skin.

Networked: 162 relevant articles (20 outcomes, 26 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Melioidosis
2.	Infections
3.	Anthrax
4.	Tularemia
5.	Disease Progression

Experts

1.	Waag, David M: 12 articles (06/2021 - 05/2002)
2.	DeShazer, David: 10 articles (10/2012 - 05/2002)
3.	Torres, Alfredo G: 9 articles (01/2020 - 05/2009)
4.	Neubauer, Heinrich: 8 articles (01/2021 - 02/2006)
5.	Brett, Paul J: 6 articles (10/2019 - 01/2010)
6.	Burtnick, Mary N: 6 articles (10/2019 - 01/2010)
7.	Tkachenko, G A: 6 articles (01/2019 - 01/2004)
8.	Piven', N N: 6 articles (01/2008 - 03/2005)
9.	Amemiya, Kei: 5 articles (06/2021 - 05/2002)
10.	Cote, Christopher K: 5 articles (06/2021 - 01/2016)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Glanders:

1.	Anti-Bacterial Agents (Antibiotics)IBA 05/09/2009 - "Both antibiotics demonstrated utility for the treatment of glanders, including the ability for intracellular penetration and clearance of organisms in vitro." 07/01/2001 - "In vitro antibiotic susceptibilities of Burkholderia mallei (causative agent of glanders) determined by broth microdilution and E-test." 02/01/1975 - "Sensitivity of the glanders causative agent to 20 antibiotics representing different groups is described. " 02/01/1975 - "[Antibiotic sensitivity of the causative agent of glanders]." 01/01/2018 - "In humans, glanders is difficult to diagnose and requires prolonged antibiotic therapy with low success rates. "
2.	Proteins (Proteins, Gene)FDA Link 01/01/2014 - "To express truncated TssB protein of Burkholderia mallei and to evaluate its diagnostic efficacy for serological detection of glanders among equines. " 01/01/2023 - "The reactivity pattern of the positive sera on our array test allowed us to identify a set of 12 highly reactive proteins of interest for glanders diagnosis. " 01/01/2023 - "Protein Microarray-Guided Development of a Highly Sensitive and Specific Dipstick Assay for Glanders Serodiagnostics." 07/01/2020 - "Neither Hcp1 and GroEL proteins, nor iELISA reacted with doubtful and positive CFT samples from glanders free countries which further confirmed the false positive reactions seen in CFT." 01/01/2014 - "Optimization and validation of indirect ELISA using truncated TssB protein for the serodiagnosis of glanders amongst equines."
3.	AntigensIBA 01/01/2021 - "In the present study, the new ID Screen Glanders Double Antigen Multispecies ELISA (GLANDA- ELISA) (IDvet, Grabels, France) was evaluated using 400 negative and 370 glanders positive field samples of equidae. " 03/01/2012 - "The objective of this study was the comparative evaluation of two glanders CFT antigens commercially available at Central Veterinary Institute ofWageningen UR, Lelystad, NL (CIDC) and at c.c.pro GmbH, Oberdorla, DE (c.c.pro) in a glanders endemic area regarding specificity and sensitivity. " 12/01/2020 - "Cold CFT with the USDA and c.c.Pro antigens, in combination with PCR to increase sensitivity, may be useful for diagnosis of chronic glanders." 08/01/2017 - "Identification of a new diagnostic antigen for glanders using immunoproteome analysis." 01/01/2014 - "These data highlight the use of TssB as potential diagnostic antigen for serological diagnosis of glanders."
4.	VaccinesIBA 10/01/2003 - "The model should prove to be of considerable value in our ongoing studies on the pathogenesis and vaccine development for glanders." 12/01/2020 - "mallei and effective target for developing a glanders vaccine." 01/10/2018 - "Presently, there is no licensed glanders vaccine available for humans or animals. " 01/10/2018 - "Outer Membrane Vesicle Vaccines from Biosafe Surrogates Prevent Acute Lethal Glanders in Mice." 12/09/2017 - "A Burkholderia pseudomallei Outer Membrane Vesicle Vaccine Provides Cross Protection against Inhalational Glanders in Mice and Non-Human Primates."
5.	FluoroquinolonesIBA 05/01/2009 - "[Study of efficacy of modern fluoroquinolones against agent of glanders in experiments in vivo]." 05/01/2009 - "Efficacy of modern fluoroquinolones for urgent prophylaxis and treatment of experimental glanders was studied. " 08/01/1994 - "[In vitro development of fluoroquinolone resistance in the glanders pathogen]." 09/01/1991 - "[Sensitivity of Pseudomonas mallei to fluoroquinolones and their efficacy in experimental glanders]." 01/01/2007 - "Comparative in vitro and in vivo efficacy of new fluoroquinolones with respect to pathogens of tularemia, glanders, melioidosis and anthrax was estimated. "
6.	AerosolsIBA 06/01/2015 - "The study showed that the clinical presentation of aerosol-exposed rhesus macaques is similar to descriptions of human glanders and that PCR has potential for rapid diagnosis of outbreaks, if not individual cases. " 06/01/2021 - "Comparison of three non-human primate aerosol models for glanders, caused by Burkholderia mallei." 06/01/2015 - "Pathological findings and diagnostic implications of a rhesus macaque (Macacca mulatta) model of aerosol exposure to Burkholderia mallei (glanders)." 03/14/2005 - "Aerogenic vaccination with a Burkholderia mallei auxotroph protects against aerosol-initiated glanders in mice." 04/01/2004 - "An aerosol physics test facility was used in a series of eight experiments to gather an integrated comprehensive broad base of data on the fate of surrogates of microorganisms that cause smallpox, plague, glanders, anthrax, and viral hemorrhagic fevers. "
7.	Monoclonal AntibodiesIBA 03/01/2006 - "Murine monoclonal antibodies were produced against Burkholderia mallei, the etiologic agent of glanders, and were shown to be effective in passively protecting mice against a lethal aerosol challenge. " 09/01/2009 - "mallei whole cell antigen and a well characterised mouse monoclonal antibody with regard to their specificity and sensitivity for glanders serodiagnosis using CFT, an indirect (i) and a competitive (c) ELISA platform. " 10/01/1995 - "The paper summarizes the data concerning the production and study of monoclonal antibodies (MAb) to the diagnostically significant glanders and melioidosis bacillus antigens. "
8.	Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination Trimethoprim (Co-Trimoxazole)FDA LinkGeneric 06/01/2013 - "Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (co-trimoxazole) prophylaxis is effective against acute murine inhalational melioidosis and glanders." 01/01/2022 - "In this study, the fluoroquinolone finafloxacin was compared to co-trimoxazole as a post-exposure prophylactic in a murine model of inhalational glanders. "
9.	finafloxacinIBA 01/01/2022 - "Efficacy of finafloxacin in a murine model of inhalational glanders." 01/01/2022 - "In this study, the fluoroquinolone finafloxacin was compared to co-trimoxazole as a post-exposure prophylactic in a murine model of inhalational glanders. "
10.	Virulence Factors (Pathogenicity Factors)IBA 01/01/2016 - "Phenotypic Characterization of a Novel Virulence-Factor Deletion Strain of Burkholderia mallei That Provides Partial Protection against Inhalational Glanders in Mice." 01/01/2018 - "Use of Immunohistochemistry to Demonstrate In Vivo Expression of the Burkholderia mallei Virulence Factor BpaB During Experimental Glanders." 05/01/2001 - "Little is known about the virulence factors of Burkholderia mallei, the etiologic agent of glanders. " 01/01/2010 - "This review summarizes the current and rapidly expanding knowledge on the specific virulence factors employed by these pathogens and their roles in the pathogenesis of melioidosis and glanders. " 05/01/2001 - "mallei is required for production of disease in two animal models of glanders infection and is a major virulence factor."

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Therapeutics 04/01/2015 - "Efficacy of postexposure therapy against glanders in mice." 03/01/2006 - "Preexposure therapy with CpG ODNs may protect victims of a biological attack from glanders." 01/01/1998 - "The conclusion on the necessity of using complex treatment for the effective therapy of glanders in humans has been made." 01/01/1998 - "[The principles of the therapy of glanders in monkeys]." 01/01/2008 - "The therapy about glanders, mange and strangles in the horse was compared with the contemporary literature. "
2.	Drug Therapy (Chemotherapy) 01/01/2012 - "[Experimental study on chemotherapy of acute glanders]." 01/01/2012 - "Chemotherapy of the glanders acute forms in animals usually provided only an increase of the lifespan, while among the survivors there was recorded a high relapse rate. " 05/01/1996 - "[Recovery rate in chemotherapy of glanders]." 03/01/1948 - "Experimental chemotherapy in glanders and melioidosis." 01/01/2012 - "Glanders is a zoonotic infection inducing acute forms of the disease (pneumonia, sepsis) in humans and animals under certain conditions, which even with the use of modern chemotherapy have unfavourable prognosis. "
3.	Secondary Prevention 11/01/2007 - "Continued research and development is urgently needed, especially in regard to rapid and accurate diagnosis of melioidosis and glanders, efficacious therapy and primary and secondary prevention."
4.	Investigational Therapies (Experimental Therapy) 06/01/2013 - "An account of the clinical picture and successful experimental therapy of spontaneous equine glanders is also given."
5.	Microspheres (Microsphere) 07/01/2020 - "Development of a microsphere-based immunoassay for the serological detection of glanders in equids."