Giant Cell Tumors (Giant Cell Tumor)

Tumors of bone tissue or synovial or other soft tissue characterized by the presence of giant cells. The most common are giant cell tumor of tendon sheath and GIANT CELL TUMOR OF BONE.

Also Known As:

Networked: 630 relevant articles (16 outcomes, 46 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Neoplasms (Cancer)
2.	Neoplasm Metastasis (Metastasis)
3.	Pigmented Villonodular Synovitis
4.	Osteosarcoma (Osteogenic Sarcoma)
5.	Malignant Fibrous Histiocytoma

Experts

1.	Wunder, Jay S: 5 articles (05/2013 - 03/2003)
2.	Nielsen, Torsten O: 5 articles (04/2010 - 06/2007)
3.	Xiao, Jianru: 4 articles (09/2015 - 10/2011)
4.	van de Rijn, Matt: 4 articles (07/2015 - 06/2007)
5.	West, Robert B: 4 articles (04/2010 - 06/2007)
6.	Mankin, Henry J: 4 articles (10/2005 - 07/2002)
7.	Yin, Huabin: 3 articles (09/2015 - 09/2014)
8.	Xu, Wei: 3 articles (09/2015 - 09/2014)
9.	Aponte-Tinao, Luis A: 3 articles (09/2015 - 08/2006)
10.	Yang, Xinghai: 3 articles (08/2015 - 10/2011)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Giant Cell Tumors:

1.	denosumabFDA Link 01/01/2012 - "Results of a first Phase II trial demonstrate the therapeutic potential of denosumab to inhibit progressive bone destruction and metastatic progression in patients with unsalvageable giant-cell tumor (GCT), and have also provided key insights into the biology of GCT. " 12/01/2015 - "Giant Cell Tumor of the Larynx Treated by Surgery and Adjuvant Denosumab: Case Report and Review of the Literature." 11/01/2015 - "The Budget Impact of Denosumab in the Treatment of Giant Cell Tumor of the Bone (Gctb) in Belgium." 10/01/2015 - "Giant cell tumor of the humeral head treated by denosumab: Implication to shoulder surgeons." 09/01/2015 - "However, while there are relatively few reported side effects, the safety of denosumab and adverse events seen with higher doses, as used in treatment of giant cell tumors of bone are not well defined. "
2.	tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TSAP)IBA 01/01/2012 - "Serum tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRACP) 5b was investigated for use as a marker for diagnosis of giant cell tumor (GCT) of bone and for detection of its recurrence.Four" 05/01/1979 - "Significant tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase activity was demonstrated in the giant cells in three patients with giant-cell tumors, but not in the "osteoblasts" in six patients with osteogenic sarcomas and many other normal or abnormal tissues. " 03/01/2005 - "Giant cell tumors: inquiry into immunohistochemical expression of CD117 (c-Kit), microphthalmia transcription factor, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase, and HAM-56." 01/01/2014 - "This case suggests that denosumab therapy might be an option for treating refractory giant cell tumor of bone, and that tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase 5b might be an early marker with which to monitor the efficacy of denosumab therapy for refractory giant cell tumor." 11/01/1991 - "To clarify the histogenesis of giant cells appearing in giant cell tumors of bone (GCTB), an ultrastructural and cytochemical study of six cases was performed with both acid phosphatase (ACPase) and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRACPase) as marker enzymes. "
3.	Doxorubicin (Adriamycin)FDA LinkGeneric 05/01/1998 - "Based on the above findings, postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy using adriamycin may be effective for incompletely resected giant cell tumors of the sphenoid bone." 05/01/1998 - "Two cases of a giant cell tumor involving the sphenoid bone that responded well to chemotherapy using adriamycin after a partial removal of the tumor are presented. " 10/01/2013 - "In addition, this study reports one patient with locally advanced giant cell tumor of the rib, who has undergone successful surgical resection following two cycles of chemotherapy with ifosfamide and liposomal doxorubicin. "
4.	Hydrogen Peroxide (Hydroperoxide)FDA LinkGeneric 02/01/1998 - "These results support the theory of using a minimal concentration of hydrogen peroxide as a chemical adjuvant in the surgical treatment of giant cell tumors of bone." 02/01/1998 - "Cell lysis or death occurred after exposing giant cell tumor cells and osteoblasts to 100 mm and 30 mm hydrogen peroxide, respectively, concentrations substantially lower than the 3% (880 mm) hydrogen peroxide commonly used clinically. " 02/01/1998 - "This investigation examined the effects of hydrogen peroxide on giant cell tumor cells and osteoblasts grown in culture. " 02/01/1998 - "Hydrogen peroxide inhibits giant cell tumor and osteoblast metabolism in vitro." 02/01/1998 - "This study investigates the efficacy of using hydrogen peroxide as adjuvant therapy after extended local curettage for benign giant cell tumors of bone. "
5.	HemosiderinIBA 05/01/2000 - "The cytologic features of localized tenosynovial giant cell tumor of tendon sheath (TGCT-L) include abundant mononuclear histiocytic cells occurring singly and in three-dimensional tissue fragments, hemosiderin within histiocytes and a few multinucleated giant cells. " 11/01/1991 - "We present three giant cell tumors of bone that contained large amounts of hemosiderin and compare their MR appearance with intraoperative findings and histological characterization. " 11/01/1991 - "Giant cell tumors of bone containing large amounts of hemosiderin: MR-pathologic correlation." 11/01/1998 - "Relatively homogeneous iso- or marginal hyperintensity on T2-weighted sequences, lack of susceptibility effects due to hemosiderin, the demonstration of a fibrous capsule and the absence of adjacent joint involvement may help to differentiate localized and diffuse forms of giant-cell tumors of tendon sheaths and pigmented villonodular synovitis." 03/01/2014 - "Histologically, fibroma of the tendon sheath lacks the hemosiderin-laden macrophages that are typical for giant cell tumor of the tendon sheath. "
6.	RANK LigandIBA 01/01/2014 - "The receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand pathway has been shown to play a key role in the pathogenesis of giant cell tumor. " 01/01/2002 - "The giant cell tumors as well as stromal cell cultures derived from giant cell tumors express osteoprotegerin ligand, the osteoclast activator. " 01/01/2014 - "Following surgery, the second patient, with a giant cell tumor of the cervicothoracic junction, responded well to the novel drug denosumab, a monoclonal antibody to the RANK ligand. " 04/01/2002 - "Gene expression of osteoprotegerin and osteoclast differentiation factor in giant cell tumor." 02/01/2002 - "RANK (receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B) and RANK ligand are expressed in giant cell tumors of bone."
7.	Protons (Proton)IBA 02/01/2008 - "In vivo proton spectroscopy of giant cell tumor of the bone." 06/01/2006 - "This report reviews two cases of patients presenting with aggressive giant cell tumors that were irradiated by a combination of photons and protons. " 08/01/1982 - "Serial proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) images of distal upper extremities were obtained in four healthy volunteers and four patients with giant cell tumor of the distal radius. " 05/01/2002 - "This report reviews the treatment of four pediatric patients presenting with aggressive giant cell tumor, using fractionated and combined, conformal proton and photon radiation therapy at Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Cyclotron Laboratory. " 02/01/1995 - "Important advances discussed over this period include: establishment of sarcoma teams in major oncology centers; staging systems for both soft tissue and osseous sarcomas; demonstration of genetic determinants in the development of, at least, some of the sarcomas; the revolutionary change in quality of diagnostic imaging by the introduction of CT and MRI; use of immunohistochemistry in diagnostic pathology; the drastic gains in survival of patients with osteogenic sarcoma, Ewing's sarcoma and rhabdomyosarcoma due to the efficacy of multi-drug and multi-cycle chemotherapy protocols; major advances in surgical techniques which have made limb salvage practical; cell lines derived from human sarcomas have been shown to have in vitro radiation sensitivity comparable to that of cell lines from epithelial tumors; the combination of conservative surgery and moderate doses of radiation yields local control and survival results equivalent to that of radical surgery with a much improved functional and cosmetic outcome; intra-operative electron beam radiation therapy improves the outcome of patients with retroperitoneal sarcomas when given after grossly complete resection combined with external beam radiation therapy (pre- or postoperatively); radiation is a highly effective alternative to extensive surgery for desmoid tumors; local control of giant cell tumors by modern radiation techniques is approximately 80% and the incidence of radiation induced tumors at 10 years is approximately 3%; to decrease the incidence of radiation induced sarcoma, resection has replaced radiation in the management of selected patients with primary Ewing's sarcoma when the response to chemotherapy has been excellent and the morbidity/functional decrement consequent upon the surgery judged reasonable; proton beam radiation therapy has been accepted as being superior to conventional external beam radiation therapy for chondrosarcoma and chordoma of the skull base; and attempts to utilize brachytherapy for sarcomas of the spine/sacrum appear to offer promise. "
8.	DiphosphonatesIBA 05/01/2009 - "The administration of parenteral bisphosphonates may prove beneficial in cases of giant cell tumor managed with serial embolization." 02/01/2013 - "Bisphosphonates (BPs) have been reported to reduce local recurrence in giant cell tumor (GCT) of bone because of their osteoclast-suppressing effect; however, the optimal mode of delivery and the dose and duration of treatment of BPs remain to be established. " 09/01/2004 - "Bisphosphonates may reduce recurrence in giant cell tumor by inducing apoptosis." 11/01/2008 - "The bone-specific agents including denosumab (anti-receptor activator of NF-kappaB ligand antibody) and bisphosphonates may have benefit against giant cell tumor, ES and OS. " 09/01/2004 - "The bisphosphonates pamidronate and Zoledronate can induce apoptosis in giant cell tumor culture in a dose-dependent manner. "
9.	Dihydrotachysterol (AT 10)IBA 11/01/2009 - "We report a case of a multiply recurrent aggressive giant cell tumor diagnosed at 10 months of age with extensive involvement of the maxillae and mandibles unresponsive to multiple therapeutic modalities. " 03/15/2002 - "Of the patients with benign tumors, 1 patient (giant cell tumor) had local failure at 10 months. " 02/01/1995 - "Important advances discussed over this period include: establishment of sarcoma teams in major oncology centers; staging systems for both soft tissue and osseous sarcomas; demonstration of genetic determinants in the development of, at least, some of the sarcomas; the revolutionary change in quality of diagnostic imaging by the introduction of CT and MRI; use of immunohistochemistry in diagnostic pathology; the drastic gains in survival of patients with osteogenic sarcoma, Ewing's sarcoma and rhabdomyosarcoma due to the efficacy of multi-drug and multi-cycle chemotherapy protocols; major advances in surgical techniques which have made limb salvage practical; cell lines derived from human sarcomas have been shown to have in vitro radiation sensitivity comparable to that of cell lines from epithelial tumors; the combination of conservative surgery and moderate doses of radiation yields local control and survival results equivalent to that of radical surgery with a much improved functional and cosmetic outcome; intra-operative electron beam radiation therapy improves the outcome of patients with retroperitoneal sarcomas when given after grossly complete resection combined with external beam radiation therapy (pre- or postoperatively); radiation is a highly effective alternative to extensive surgery for desmoid tumors; local control of giant cell tumors by modern radiation techniques is approximately 80% and the incidence of radiation induced tumors at 10 years is approximately 3%; to decrease the incidence of radiation induced sarcoma, resection has replaced radiation in the management of selected patients with primary Ewing's sarcoma when the response to chemotherapy has been excellent and the morbidity/functional decrement consequent upon the surgery judged reasonable; proton beam radiation therapy has been accepted as being superior to conventional external beam radiation therapy for chondrosarcoma and chordoma of the skull base; and attempts to utilize brachytherapy for sarcomas of the spine/sacrum appear to offer promise. "
10.	imatinib (Gleevec)FDA Link 03/15/2012 - "Efficacy of imatinib mesylate for the treatment of locally advanced and/or metastatic tenosynovial giant cell tumor/pigmented villonodular synovitis." 04/01/2008 - "Complete response to imatinib in relapsing pigmented villonodular synovitis/tenosynovial giant cell tumor (PVNS/TGCT)." 01/01/2015 - "This proof of the concept was clearly established for imatinib, sunitinib and regorafenib in gastrointestinal stromal tumors, for imatinib in dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans and pigmented vilo-nodular synovitis, for denosumab in giant cell tumors of the bone, ending in the authorization to use these new therapies in these indications. "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Radiotherapy 10/15/1995 - "We reviewed the long-term results of radiotherapy for high risk giant cell tumors to assess: the efficacy of radiotherapy and the potential late toxicity of treatment, and to determine indications for radiation treatment. " 05/01/2012 - "Radiotherapy for giant cell tumors of the bone: a safe and effective treatment modality." 06/01/2003 - "For giant cell tumors of bone, does radiotherapy provide a safe and effective treatment? " 10/15/1995 - "Long-term results in this series indicate that radiotherapy in modest doses (35 Gy in 15 fractions or equivalent) is a safe and effective option for primary and recurrent giant cell tumors of the bone. " 01/01/1956 - "[A study of radiotherapy of xanthomatous giant cell tumors]."
2.	Drug Therapy (Chemotherapy) 09/01/2012 - "In subtypes with a clear role of specific factors in the pathophysiology of disease, such as giant cell tumor of the bone and diffuse-type tenosynovial giant cell tumor, it is reasonable to treat with newer targeted therapies, when available, in place of chemotherapy when systemic treatment is needed to control disease. " 10/01/2011 - "Giant cell tumor of the odontoid in an adolescent male: radiation, chemotherapy, and resection for recurrence with 10-year follow-up." 01/01/2007 - "Giant cell tumor of the uterus: case report and response to chemotherapy." 10/01/2006 - "All the patients underwent neoadjuvant chemotherapy for 1-2 courses before operation except the patients with giant cell tumor of the bone. " 04/01/2004 - "When the mass failed to respond to conventional chemotherapy, additional tissue was obtained and a giant cell tumor was diagnosed. "
3.	Curettage 12/01/2014 - "[Clinical studies on effect of bone cement filling on articular cartilage of the knee after curettage of giant cell tumor]." 09/01/2015 - "Our explorative analysis suggests a positive effect of PRP on surgical outcome in patients with giant cell tumors treated with curettage. " 12/01/2014 - "To evaluate the effect of bone cement filling on articular cartilage injury after curettage of giant cell tumor around the knee. " 09/01/2014 - "Evaluation of recurrences, complications and function at mid-term follow-up after curettage for sacral giant cell tumor (GCT). " 01/01/2014 - "Aggressive curettage has been well established for the treatment of giant cell tumors (GCTs) of the bone. "
4.	Transplants (Transplant) 04/01/2015 - "The purpose of this paper was to describe a rare unusual case of primary mandibular condylar tenosynovial giant cell tumor of diffuse type with predominantly intraosseous growth and its management by resection and functional reconstruction with a vascularized costochondral graft. " 08/01/2013 - "A total of 13 patients with a mean age of 37 years with aggressive giant cell tumor (Campanacci grade III) of distal radius were managed with en bloc resection and reconstruction with a structural nonvascularized bone graft. " 08/01/2013 - "Iatrogenic implantation of giant cell tumor at bone graft donor site and clinical recommendations to prevent "a rare avoidable complication"." 01/01/2013 - "Iatrogenic giant cell tumor at bone graft harvesting site." 03/01/2012 - "His past medical history included surgery and a bone graft for the treatment of a giant cell tumor on the distal part of the femur. "
5.	Arthrodesis 02/01/2015 - "(4) Is there a difference in functional outcome in treating a primary versus recurrent giant cell tumor with a resection arthrodesis? " 01/01/2015 - "A 71-year-old man with a distal femoral giant cell tumor had undergone a resection of the distal femur and knee arthrodesis using Kuntscher nail in 1962. " 01/01/2015 - "We report a patient that had knee desarthrodesis 41 years after giant cell tumor resection followed by a knee arthrodesis. " 08/01/2013 - "Limited arthrodesis of the wrist for treatment of giant cell tumor of the distal radius." 05/01/2013 - "Wrist arthrodesis after resection of a giant cell tumor of the distal radius can be performed using a vascularized free fibular transfer (VFFT) or a nonvascularized structural iliac crest transfer (NICT). "