Giant Cell Tumors (Giant Cell Tumor)

Tumors of bone tissue or synovial or other soft tissue characterized by the presence of giant cells. The most common are giant cell tumor of tendon sheath and GIANT CELL TUMOR OF BONE.

Also Known As:

Networked: 1020 relevant articles (31 outcomes, 90 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Neoplasms (Cancer)
2.	Giant Cell Tumors (Giant Cell Tumor)
3.	Pigmented Villonodular Synovitis
4.	Neoplasm Metastasis (Metastasis)
5.	Osteosarcoma (Osteogenic Sarcoma)

Experts

1.	Errani, Costantino: 11 articles (05/2022 - 11/2017)
2.	Xiao, Jianru: 10 articles (02/2019 - 10/2011)
3.	Donati, Davide Maria: 9 articles (06/2022 - 11/2017)
4.	Mavrogenis, Andreas F: 9 articles (05/2022 - 01/2017)
5.	Tsukamoto, Shinji: 9 articles (05/2022 - 11/2017)
6.	Tsuchiya, Hiroyuki: 8 articles (01/2021 - 09/2006)
7.	Min, Li: 7 articles (01/2022 - 03/2012)
8.	Puri, Ajay: 7 articles (10/2021 - 05/2009)
9.	Yang, Xinghai: 7 articles (10/2017 - 10/2011)
10.	Honoki, Kanya: 6 articles (05/2022 - 11/2017)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Giant Cell Tumors:

1.	DenosumabFDA Link 01/01/2022 - "Denosumab is an effective treatment for giant cell tumor of the bone (GCTB) but can cause clinically significant adverse effects. " 08/01/2017 - "Both serial arterial embolization (SAE) and denosumab have been proved to be effective in treatment for giant cell tumor (GCT). " 08/06/2014 - "Clinical studies have suggested clinical and histological improvement when denosumab was administered to patients with a giant cell tumor. " 06/10/2022 - "Bone Turnover Marker (BTM) Changes after Denosumab in Giant Cell Tumors of Bone (GCTB): A Phase II Trial Correlative Study." 05/26/2022 - "Radiologic and clinical changes after denosumab treatment for giant cell tumors of the mobile spine: a quantitative study."
2.	Monoclonal AntibodiesIBA 11/01/1985 - "By using osteoclasts from osteoclastomas (giant cell tumors of bone) for immunizations, we have produced 11 mouse hybridomas secreting monoclonal antibodies reacting with osteoclasts in normal human fetal bone and a variety of neoplastic and non-neoplastic bone lesions. " 01/01/1988 - "In this study fresh frozen tissue samples of benign osseous tumors (five non-osteogenic fibromas, one fibrous dysplasia, one chondromyxoidfibroma), tumors of uncertain biological behaviour (eight cases of histiocytosis X, two giant-cell tumors), and of malignant intraosseous tumors (two malignant fibrous histiocytomas, two malignant histiocytosis, four osteosarcomas, one chondrosarcoma and two Ewing sarcomas) were studied with a panel of monoclonal antibodies reactive with monocyte/macrophages and various types of dendritic cells. " 11/01/2015 - "Denosumab, a human monoclonal antibody to RANKL, is effective in the treatment of giant cell tumors of bone. " 07/01/2020 - "Denosumab is a human monoclonal antibody that has been used successfully in the treatment of giant cell tumors of bone. " 04/01/2017 - "Denosumab, a monoclonal antibody, has been demonstrated to inhibit the growth of giant cell tumors. "
3.	pexidartinibIBA 01/01/2021 - "This is the first long-term pooled analysis to report on the long-term hepatic safety of pexidartinib in patients with tenosynovial giant cell tumors associated with severe morbidity or functional limitations and not amenable to improvement with surgery. " 07/30/2015 - "In the second part, we evaluated PLX3397 at the chosen phase 2 dose in an extension cohort of patients with tenosynovial giant-cell tumors (extension study). " 02/01/2021 - "In the last 5 years, and recently stimulated by the approval of pexidartinib (Turalio™, Daiichi Sankyo) in 2019 for the treatment of tenosynovial giant cell tumors, there has been a large increase in activity (both journal articles and patent applications) around small molecule inhibitors of CSF1R. " 01/01/2021 - "Aim: Pexidartinib was approved for the treatment of tenosynovial giant cell tumors with a required Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategy (REMS) to ensure its safe use. " 01/01/2021 - "Pexidartinib Long-Term Hepatic Safety Profile in Patients with Tenosynovial Giant Cell Tumors."
4.	Diphosphonates (Bisphosphonates)IBA 05/01/2009 - "The administration of parenteral bisphosphonates may prove beneficial in cases of giant cell tumor managed with serial embolization." 06/01/2017 - "OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of long-term bisphosphonate treatment on reducing local recurrence of sacral giant cell tumors (GCTs) after nerve-sparing surgery. " 12/01/2018 - "Role of Bisphosphonates as Adjuvants of Surgery in Giant Cell Tumor of Spine." 06/01/2017 - "Long-term administration of bisphosphonate to reduce local recurrence of sacral giant cell tumor after nerve-sparing surgery." 10/01/2008 - "Effectiveness of intravenous bisphosphonate in treatment of giant cell tumor: a case report and review of the literature."
5.	Bone Cements (Bone Glue)IBA 10/30/2005 - "The application of bone cement to fill the surgical defect after resection of a giant-cell tumor: A case report." 07/01/1989 - "Bone-cement plugging allows immediate weight bearing and early detection in case of recurrence of giant cell tumor. " 12/01/2014 - "[Clinical studies on effect of bone cement filling on articular cartilage of the knee after curettage of giant cell tumor]." 12/07/2020 - "To find the recurrence and outcomes of giant cell tumors treated with scooping curettage, burr down technique, phenolization, and bone cement. " 12/07/2020 - "Recurrence Rate of Giant Cell Tumor With the Treatment of Scooping Curettage, Burr Down Technique, Phenolization, and Bone Cement."
6.	RANK LigandIBA 09/05/2014 - "The receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand pathway has been shown to play a key role in the pathogenesis of giant cell tumor. " 01/01/2003 - "The giant cell tumors as well as stromal cell cultures derived from giant cell tumors express osteoprotegerin ligand, the osteoclast activator. " 11/01/2015 - "The bone destruction in both giant cell tumors of bone and ABCs is mediated by RANK ligand (RANKL) produced by the tumor cells. " 12/01/2019 - "The purpose of this retrospective study was to evaluate the clinical and oncological results of combination treatment of short-term preoperative denosumab (the receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand inhibitor) with surgery in unresectable or recurrent cases of giant cell tumor of the bone (GCTB). " 01/01/2016 - "Recently, the receptor activator of nuclear factor κB (RANK) ligand inhibitor, denosumab, has demonstrated activity against giant-cell tumors. "
7.	Tartrate-Resistant Acid PhosphataseIBA 01/01/2022 - "Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase 5b levels were not elevated in some giant cell tumors of bone. " 01/01/2022 - "Therefore, we analyzed the characteristics of patients with giant cell tumors of bone and high tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase 5b expression. " 01/01/2022 - "Serum tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase 5b is well known to be increased in giant cell tumors of bone. " 01/01/2012 - "Serum tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRACP) 5b was investigated for use as a marker for diagnosis of giant cell tumor (GCT) of bone and for detection of its recurrence.Four" 05/01/1979 - "Significant tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase activity was demonstrated in the giant cells in three patients with giant-cell tumors, but not in the "osteoblasts" in six patients with osteogenic sarcomas and many other normal or abnormal tissues. "
8.	Hydrogen Peroxide (Hydroperoxide)FDA LinkGeneric 02/01/1998 - "These results support the theory of using a minimal concentration of hydrogen peroxide as a chemical adjuvant in the surgical treatment of giant cell tumors of bone." 02/01/1998 - "Cell lysis or death occurred after exposing giant cell tumor cells and osteoblasts to 100 mm and 30 mm hydrogen peroxide, respectively, concentrations substantially lower than the 3% (880 mm) hydrogen peroxide commonly used clinically. " 02/01/1998 - "This investigation examined the effects of hydrogen peroxide on giant cell tumor cells and osteoblasts grown in culture. " 02/01/1998 - "Hydrogen peroxide inhibits giant cell tumor and osteoblast metabolism in vitro." 02/01/1998 - "This study investigates the efficacy of using hydrogen peroxide as adjuvant therapy after extended local curettage for benign giant cell tumors of bone. "
9.	LigandsIBA 03/01/2022 - "Correction to: The Values of Receptor Activator Nuclear Kappa-B Ligand Expression in Stage III Giant Cell Tumor of the Bone." 01/01/2018 - "The Values of Receptor Activator Nuclear Kappa-B Ligand Expression in Stage III Giant Cell Tumor of the Bone." 01/01/2016 - "Giant cell tumor (GCT) of bone is a locally aggressive benign neoplasm characterized by an abundance of osteoclastic giant cells that are induced by the neoplastic mononuclear cells; the latter express high levels of receptor activator of nuclear factor κ-B ligand (RANKL). " 11/01/2020 - "Denosumab is an inhibitor of monoclonal receptor activator of nuclear factor-ĸB ligand, approved to treat giant cell tumors of bone (GCTB). " 03/05/2018 - "For bone tumors, new drugs are limited to denosumab, a receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand (RANKL) inhibitor, for treating giant cell tumors of bone. "
10.	HemosiderinIBA 11/01/1991 - "We present three giant cell tumors of bone that contained large amounts of hemosiderin and compare their MR appearance with intraoperative findings and histological characterization. " 11/01/1991 - "Giant cell tumors of bone containing large amounts of hemosiderin: MR-pathologic correlation." 03/01/2014 - "Histologically, fibroma of the tendon sheath lacks the hemosiderin-laden macrophages that are typical for giant cell tumor of the tendon sheath. " 01/01/1996 - "Hemosiderin is commonly seen on MR images of giant-cell tumors of bone (63%) and is probably related to the extravasated erythrocytes in the tumor and the phagocytic function of the tumor cells. " 01/01/1992 - "In the recent literature on benign bone tumors, papers have highlighted the atypical appearances of intracapsular osteoid osteoma, the characteristic (yet not pathognomonic) feature of fluid-fluid levels on CT and MR imaging of aneurysmal bone cysts, the difficulties of MR imaging of giant cell tumors laden with hemosiderin following intratumoral hemorrhage, and the reliability of ultrasound in measuring the thickness of the cartilage cap in chondroid lesions. "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Radiotherapy 01/01/2022 - "The first-line treatment for most giant cell tumors (GCTs) of bone is surgical; radiotherapy (RT) is reserved for inoperable or refractory cases. " 10/15/1995 - "We reviewed the long-term results of radiotherapy for high risk giant cell tumors to assess: the efficacy of radiotherapy and the potential late toxicity of treatment, and to determine indications for radiation treatment. " 05/01/2012 - "Radiotherapy for giant cell tumors of the bone: a safe and effective treatment modality." 06/01/2003 - "The authors conclude that radiation therapy is a safe and effective treatment option for benign giant cell tumors of bone. " 06/01/2003 - "For giant cell tumors of bone, does radiotherapy provide a safe and effective treatment? "
2.	Therapeutics 01/01/2016 - "Clinical outcome of recurrent giant cell tumor of the extremity in the era before molecular target therapy: the Japanese Musculoskeletal Oncology Group study." 09/15/2022 - "Multimodal Management of Combined Posterior and Anterior Surgical Approach and Postoperative Pharmacological Therapy for Giant Cell Tumor of the Cervical Spine Encasing the Vertebral Artery: A Technical Case Report." 01/01/2022 - "A positive expression of H3.3 G34W was seen in all 5 cases of GCTB, postdenosumab therapy, as well as, in all 3 cases of malignant giant cell tumor. " 11/01/2021 - "Vimseltinib: A Precision CSF1R Therapy for Tenosynovial Giant Cell Tumors and Diseases Promoted by Macrophages." 07/01/2020 - "Enucleation combined with pharmacologic therapy is a promising strategy for the management of aggressive central giant cell tumors in children."
3.	Drug Therapy (Chemotherapy) 05/01/2022 - "However, pharmacotherapy combined with enucleation is a more conservative approach for management of aggressive central giant cell tumors." 01/01/2022 - "Is pancreatic giant cell tumor resistant to standard chemotherapy?" 10/01/2011 - "Giant cell tumor of the odontoid in an adolescent male: radiation, chemotherapy, and resection for recurrence with 10-year follow-up." 03/14/2007 - "Giant cell tumor of the uterus: case report and response to chemotherapy." 04/01/2004 - "When the mass failed to respond to conventional chemotherapy, additional tissue was obtained and a giant cell tumor was diagnosed. "
4.	Curettage 01/01/2018 - "Intralesional curettage and adjuvant versus wide en bloc excision (WEE) as the best treatment method of giant cell tumor (GCT) of distal radius with limited soft tissue extension is a controversial topic. " 12/01/1985 - "This is a case report of a giant cell tumor in the proximal radius in a 35-year-old woman treated successfully with curettage and bank bone graft." 02/01/2023 - "Objective  This is the first study to establish the utility of extended curettage with or without bone allograft for Grade II giant cell tumors GCTs around the knee joint with the aim of exploring postoperative functional outcomes. " 11/01/2021 - "The aim of the study was to report the clinical outcomes of repair of massive-cavity bone defects after extensive curettage of Campanacci grade II or III giant cell tumor (GCT) around knee with vascularized fibular autograft and cancellous allograft. " 11/01/2018 - " retrospective single-center study included a total of 27 patients with giant-cell tumors in the distal femur and proximal tibia admitted to our department from January 2012 to December 2015 and treated with aggressive intralesional curettage. "
5.	Arthrodesis 01/01/2022 - "In this study, we present the management of giant cell tumors of the proximal phalanxin two patients treated with two different method; ray resection and arthrodesis using an iliac crest graft. " 09/01/2022 - "Intercalary Elbow Resection and Arthrodesis for Giant Cell Tumor of Distal Humerus: Something Is Better Than Nothing." 07/01/2021 - "Fibular Strut Arthrodesis for Salvage of Campanacci Grade III Giant Cell Tumor of the Hallucal Proximal Phalanx: A Case Report." 05/15/2021 - "Giant Cell Tumor of the Distal Radius: Wide Resection, Ulna Translocation With Wrist Arthrodesis." 05/02/2021 - "A Giant Cell Tumor of the Distal Femur Managed by Excision and Knee Arthrodesis Using a Custom Made Long Intramedullary Interlocking Nail: A Case Report and Review of the Literature."