Gastroesophageal Reflux (GERD)

Retrograde flow of gastric juice (GASTRIC ACID) and/or duodenal contents (BILE ACIDS; PANCREATIC JUICE) into the distal ESOPHAGUS, commonly due to incompetence of the LOWER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER.

Also Known As:

Networked: 6485 relevant articles (762 outcomes, 1101 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Gastroesophageal Reflux (GERD)
2.	Esophagitis
3.	Heartburn (Pyrosis)
4.	Deglutition Disorders (Dysphagia)
5.	Dyspepsia (Indigestion)

Experts

1.	Fass, Ronnie: 40 articles (07/2015 - 01/2002)
2.	Watson, David I: 27 articles (09/2015 - 02/2004)
3.	Malfertheiner, Peter: 25 articles (01/2015 - 01/2004)
4.	Smout, A J P M: 24 articles (09/2015 - 09/2002)
5.	Kinoshita, Yoshikazu: 24 articles (01/2015 - 03/2003)
6.	Tolia, Vasundhara: 22 articles (07/2015 - 01/2002)
7.	Peters, Jeffrey H: 22 articles (07/2015 - 01/2002)
8.	Sifrim, Daniel: 22 articles (03/2015 - 06/2004)
9.	Illueca, Marta: 20 articles (07/2015 - 03/2006)
10.	Tack, J: 19 articles (12/2015 - 07/2001)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Gastroesophageal Reflux:

1.	Omeprazole (Esomeprazole)FDA LinkGeneric 12/01/1995 - "In addition, studies also indicate that omeprazole is the most effective agent for the treatment of patients with GERD refractory to other treatments. " 01/01/1989 - "Several studies have clearly demonstrated that omeprazole is highly efficacious in the management of patients with gastro-oesophageal reflux disease. " 05/18/2011 - "This multicenter clinical trial demonstrated that with contemporary antireflux therapy for GERD, either by drug-induced acid suppression with esomeprazole or by LARS, most patients achieve and remain in remission at 5 years. " 07/01/2015 - "GERD symptom scores were significantly improved from baseline to the final week of the study in all of the treatment groups (P < 0.01) CONCLUSIONS:: In children ages 1 to 11 years with endoscopically proven GERD, esomeprazole (at daily doses of 5, 10, or 20 mg) was generally well tolerated. " 07/01/2015 - "GERD symptom scores were significantly improved from baseline to the final week of the study in all of the treatment groups (P < 0.01) CONCLUSIONS: In children ages 1 to 11 years with endoscopically proven GERD, esomeprazole (at daily doses of 5, 10, or 20 mg) was generally well tolerated. "
2.	Proton Pump InhibitorsIBA 02/01/2015 - "Use of proton pump inhibitors (PPI) remains the standard therapy for GERD and is effective in most patients. " 02/01/2010 - "The development of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) dramatically improved the treatment of GERD; however, the treatment of patients with refractory GERD remains a challenge. " 01/01/2010 - "Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are the most effective medication for both initial treatment and maintenance therapy of GERD. " 12/01/2007 - "Proton-pump inhibitors remain the most effective treatment for relieving symptoms, healing lesions and preventing recurrences of gastroesophageal reflux (GER). " 07/01/2006 - "Medical therapy with anti-secretory agents (H2 blockers and proton pump inhibitors) is effective for most patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease. "
3.	Proton Pumps (Proton Pump)IBA 12/01/2005 - "While daily proton-pump inhibitor therapy remains the main treatment regimen option for most patients with gastro-oesophageal reflux disease, on-demand therapy may prove effective for many patients. " 09/06/2004 - "Large randomized clinical trials and >16 years of worldwide experience have confirmed the high rate of efficacy and excellent safety profile of proton pump inhibitor (PPI) therapy in individuals with all grades of GERD, making these agents the mainstay of treatment. " 06/01/2014 - "The notion that GERD and EoE can be distinguished by the response to proton pump inhibitor (PPI) treatment is based on the mistaken assumption that gastric acid suppression is the only important therapeutic effect of PPIs, and therefore only GERD can respond to PPIs. " 12/01/2006 - "Patients controlled on long-term proton pump inhibitor therapy for chronic gastroesophageal reflux disease are excellent surgical candidates and should experience improved symptom control after surgery at 1 year." 04/01/2011 - "Night-time intra-oesophageal bile and acid: a comparison between gastro-oesophageal reflux disease patients who failed and those who were treated successfully with a proton pump inhibitor."
4.	pantoprazole (Protonix)FDA LinkGeneric 04/01/2006 - "Pantoprazole (20 and 40 mg) is effective in reducing endoscopically proven GERD symptoms in children. " 01/01/2014 - "Pantoprazole-Mg 40 mg significantly improved a broad range of esophageal and extra-esophageal GERD related symptoms including sleep disturbances, as well as well-being, in patients with daytime or night-time GERD, making it a good option for patients with GERD, especially when extra-esophageal and night-time symptoms are present." 06/01/2010 - "Pantoprazole significantly improved GERD symptom scores and was well tolerated. " 06/01/2007 - "In addition, oral pantoprazole has been shown to improve the quality of life of patients with GERD and is associated with high levels of patient satisfaction with therapy. " 09/01/2006 - "For pantoprazole versus placebo, maximal and basal acid output were significantly lower (P<.001) and there was a numerical trend toward improved GERD and antacid usage. "
5.	rabeprazole (Aciphex)FDA Link 03/01/2002 - "In this large, open-label trial, rabeprazole rapidly and effectively relieved gastro-oesophageal reflux disease symptoms in most patients with erosive oesophagitis. " 04/01/2014 - "Rabeprazole was effective in maintaining endoscopic/histologic healing during a 24-week maintenance period in children with endoscopically proven GERD. " 09/01/2010 - "Rabeprazole was again significantly effective in patients with positive findings for esophageal reflux (p = 0.0025). " 05/01/2008 - "The addition of rabeprazole offered significant improvement in GERD scores in both groups." 07/01/2007 - "Rabeprazole was significantly more effective in erosive GERD than in NERD patients. "
6.	lansoprazole (Prevacid)FDA LinkGeneric 09/01/2005 - "Step-down lansoprazole therapy is considered very effective in terms of rapid effect, long-term effect and high quality GERD treatment." 02/15/2004 - "Lansoprazole dosages of 30 mg and 15 mg once daily provide a satisfactory decrease for oesophageal acid exposure and are equally effective for the treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease in the Chinese population." 01/01/2010 - "Results of multicenter study "Efficacy of Lansoptol (lansoprazole, KRKA) and its influence on the Dynamics of GERD symptoms" (LIEDER) are presented. " 12/01/2005 - "Impact of Helicobacter pylori eradication on the anti-secretory efficacy of lansoprazole in gastroesophageal reflux disease patients." 01/01/2002 - "Efficacy of lansoprazole in the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease in children."
7.	Cisapride (Propulsid)FDA Link 04/01/1993 - "Thus, oral cisapride when taken for 12 weeks promoted healing of oesophagitis and improved symptoms in patients with GERD; although an increase in lower oesophageal sphincter pressure was observed and a reduction in acid reflux was measured, no significant decrease of acid exposure was seen." 06/01/1987 - "A small but significant reduction in the duration of gastro-oesophageal reflux followed cisapride therapy when compared with placebo." 09/01/1997 - "In the acute management of GERD, cisapride is superior to placebo and has the same efficacy as H2 receptor antagonists (H2RAs) in several clinical trials. " 08/01/1998 - "Cisapride, a prokinetic agent, has been reported effective for treating mild-to-moderate grade gastroesophageal reflux disease. " 01/01/1991 - "These results suggest that in addition to other therapeutic measurements, such as positional treatment (which was previously demonstrated to be effective in this age group), cisapride might be of benefit in the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease."
8.	Ranitidine (Zantac)FDA LinkGeneric 04/01/2015 - "The purpose of this study was to prepare sustained release tablet of moisture sensitive drug like Ranitidine Hydrochloride for treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease along with the improvement of moisture stability to get better therapeutic efficacy. " 07/01/1997 - "To determine whether ranitidine (Zantac) taken once or twice daily is effective for relieving symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux among pregnant women who had failed conservative measures. " 07/01/1997 - "This study indicates the efficacy of ranitidine 150 mg taken twice daily, rather than once daily, for relief of gastroesophageal reflux symptoms during pregnancy." 04/15/1991 - "During maintenance treatment with ranitidine at half the acute dosage five of the six patients who had shown no improvement in gastroesophageal reflux after acute healing, relapsed. " 09/01/1990 - "During maintenance treatment with ranitidine 150 or 300 mg nocte, five of the six patients, who had shown no improvement in gastro-oesophageal reflux after acute healing, relapsed. "
9.	alginic acid (sodium alginate)IBA 01/01/1999 - "Aluminium-free alginate demonstrated superior efficacy over placebo in treating recurrent gastro-oesophageal reflux in paediatric patients. " 11/01/2010 - "Na alginate treatment for gastroesophageal reflux disease in preterm infants seems to be safe and effective." 02/01/2011 - "Gastro-oesophageal reflux is common in preterm newborns; at present, no studies have evaluated the efficacy of sodium alginate in this population. " 01/01/1990 - "[Pharmacologic efficacy of sodium alginate suspension on gastro-esophageal reflux in infants and children]." 12/01/2013 - "In a study of 16 patients with GERD, we observed that the alginate-antacid raft localizes to the postprandial acid pocket and displaces it below the diaphragm to reduce postprandial acid reflux. "
10.	AntacidsIBA 12/01/1991 - "The Authors conclude that antacids in large quantities are effective in medical treatment of gastro-esophageal reflux." 03/01/2006 - "A number of clinical trials predominantly short-term have been performed almost uniformly demonstrating patient improvement in GERD symptomatology and reduction or elimination of antacids. " 02/01/1994 - "Early previous studies have clearly demonstrated the efficacy of antacids in reducing gastro-oesophageal reflux and healing of reflux oesophagitis. " 02/01/1994 - "Patients with gastro-oesophageal reflux disorders or pregnancy-related reflux have also benefited from the usage of antacids ad libitum. " 02/01/1993 - "The GERD questionnaire consisted of four questions describing an upward moving, uncomfortable feeling in the chest frequently accompanied by retrosternal burning that is improved with antacids. "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Fundoplication 10/01/2003 - "Laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication has been shown to improve overall quality of life (QOL) in patients with gastroesophageal reflux, but most studies have not addressed patients with atypical symptoms. " 12/01/2011 - "Nissen fundoplication operation is well established as effective treatment for GERD in most children intractable to medical therapy, but its role in neonates is less clear and its effect in premature infants is not well established. " 03/01/2006 - "For most patients, laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication is effective in controlling GERD symptoms during and after pregnancy." 01/01/2004 - "Laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication is highly effective for GERD and could become the standard surgical treatment in Japan." 01/01/1995 - "In conclusion, Nissen fundoplication gives effective cure of symptoms of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease and reliably corrects reflux oesophagitis. "
2.	Aftercare (After-Treatment) 12/01/2007 - "Patients with grade A oesophagitis and with reflux-related symptoms ingested significantly lower water volumes than did controls, before onset of fullness, without statistically significant difference between erosive or non-erosive gastro-oesophageal reflux disease; this variable improved in patients after treatment. " 10/21/2011 - "The percentage of patients with satisfactory GERD control improved from 31.1% at baseline to 86.7% after treatment, and patient satisfaction improved from 1.4 at baseline to 4.0 at 12 mo (P < 0.01). " 01/01/2011 - "GERD symptoms improved based on the fact that the mean change from baseline in GERD symptom score after treatment was a negative value. " 03/01/2008 - "At 6 months after treatment, the proportion of patients achieving at least 50 % improvement in GERD-HRQL score was 68 %. " 03/01/1997 - "The clinical efficacy of the oral solution was tested in five infants with gastroesophageal reflux disease by comparison of gastric pH before and after treatment. "
3.	Gastric Bypass (Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass) 08/01/2008 - "Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) has been consistently associated with improvement in the symptoms and findings of GERD. " 07/01/2014 - "A number of studies have documented that laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass improves GERD symptoms and findings, making it the preferred procedure for morbid obese patients with concomitant GERD. " 12/01/2009 - "For Roux-en-Y gastric bypass, a positive effect on GERD was found in all studies, although this was mainly evaluated by questionnaires. " 01/01/2016 - "The Impact of Gastric Bypass on Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease in Morbidly Obese Patients." 08/01/2014 - "It is not currently certain which procedure should be favoured in case of GERD; yet gastric bypass offers the best guarantee of success. "
4.	Gastrectomy 05/01/2014 - "Similarly, adjustable gastric banding (AGB, 2.77±.57 to 1.63±1.37, P<.0001) and sleeve gastrectomy (SG, 2.82±.57 to 1.85±1.40, P<.0001) had significant improvement in GERD score. " 10/01/2015 - "The aim of this study is to determine if the LINX® magnetic sphincter augmentation system is a safe and effective option for patients with new gastroesophageal reflux disease following laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy. " 05/01/2015 - "The aim of this study is to investigate the status of GERD after laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG). " 09/01/2014 - "Hence, this study aimed to assess the effect of sleeve gastrectomy on acid and non-acid gastroesophageal reflux, reflux symptoms and esophageal function. " 07/01/2014 - "Recent studies indicate that laparoscopic gastric banding and laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy have little influence on preexisting GERD symptoms and findings, but some patients may develop GERD after laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy. "
5.	Enteral Nutrition (Feeding, Tube) 01/01/2011 - "Even though early enteral nutrition has been shown to improve overall patient outcomes in the intensive care unit (ICU), tubefeed administration is often complicated by delayed gastric emptying and gastroesophageal reflux. " 06/15/2010 - "The use of half-solid nutrients for enteral feeding reduced the frequency of reflux in a dog model of GERD." 01/01/2014 - "We did not identify any randomised trials that evaluated the effects of continuous versus intermittent bolus intragastric tube feeding on gastro-oesophageal reflux disease in preterm and low birth weight infants. " 01/01/2014 - "Published and unpublished RCTs and quasi-RCTs were eligible for inclusion in this review, as were cluster-randomised and cross-over randomised trials that compared the effects of continuous versus intermittent bolus intragastric tube feeding on gastro-oesophageal reflux disease in preterm and low birth weight infants. " 12/01/2013 - "The aim of this study was to determine whether tube feeding affects the rate of gastric emptying determined by gastroesophageal reflux scintigraphy in pediatric patients. "