Gastroesophageal Reflux (GERD)

Retrograde flow of gastric juice (GASTRIC ACID) and/or duodenal contents (BILE ACIDS; PANCREATIC JUICE) into the distal ESOPHAGUS, commonly due to incompetence of the LOWER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER.

Also Known As:

GERD; Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease; Gastro-oesophageal Reflux; Gastro-Esophageal Reflux; Gastric Acid Reflux; Gastric Acid Reflux Disease; Reflux, Gastroesophageal; Acid Reflux, Gastric; Gastro Esophageal Reflux; Gastro Esophageal Reflux Disease; Gastro oesophageal Reflux; Gastro-Esophageal Reflux Diseases; Reflux Disease, Gastro-Esophageal; Reflux, Gastric Acid; Reflux, Gastro-Esophageal; Reflux, Gastro-oesophageal; Esophageal Reflux; Gastro-Esophageal Reflux Disease

Networked: 12198 relevant articles (1384 outcomes, 1983 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Digestive System Diseases: 1042
- Gastrointestinal Diseases: 5874
  - Esophageal Diseases: 379
    - Deglutition Disorders: 9385
      - Esophageal Motility Disorders: 515
        Gastroesophageal Reflux: 12198
        Laryngopharyngeal Reflux: 473
        Non-Erosive Reflux Disease: 278
        Sandifer syndrome: 10
        With Cough And Gastroesophageal Reflux Type I Hereditary Sensory And Autonomic Neuropathy

Related Diseases

1.	Gastroesophageal Reflux (GERD)
2.	Esophagitis
3.	Heartburn (Pyrosis)
4.	Weight Loss (Weight Reduction)
5.	Deglutition Disorders (Dysphagia)

Experts

1.	Fass, Ronnie: 85 articles (05/2022 - 01/2002)
2.	Sifrim, Daniel: 59 articles (03/2022 - 06/2004)
3.	Savarino, Edoardo: 58 articles (06/2022 - 11/2006)
4.	Kahrilas, Peter J: 53 articles (01/2021 - 01/2003)
5.	Vaezi, Michael F: 51 articles (01/2022 - 01/2003)
6.	Patti, Marco G: 49 articles (01/2022 - 02/2002)
7.	Kinoshita, Yoshikazu: 40 articles (01/2022 - 03/2003)
8.	Tack, J: 38 articles (01/2018 - 07/2000)
9.	Watson, David I: 36 articles (01/2022 - 02/2004)
10.	Malfertheiner, Peter: 36 articles (12/2018 - 01/2004)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Gastroesophageal Reflux:

1.	Proton Pump InhibitorsIBA 09/01/2017 - "A 5-year Food and Drug Administration trial demonstrated that most patients achieved normal pH scores, 85% stopped proton-pump inhibitors, and GERD health-related quality of life symptom scores improved from 27 to 4 at 5 years. " 01/01/2018 - "Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are among the most commonly prescribed medicines and are the mainstay of treatment for gastroesophageal reflux disease. " 12/01/2017 - "GERD is a clinical diagnosis and is most effectively treated with proton-pump inhibitors (PPIs). " 07/30/2016 - "Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are currently the most effective treatment for gastroesophageal reflux disease. " 02/01/2010 - "The development of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) dramatically improved the treatment of GERD; however, the treatment of patients with refractory GERD remains a challenge. "
2.	AcidsIBA 10/30/2018 - "Early severe complications (Clavien-Dindo classification>2) occurred in 2.6% of patients,and the most common late complications was gastroesophageal reflux disease,which could be relieved by acid suppressants.Conclusion" 05/07/2017 - "In group 1, acid reflux normalized in 23 of 24 patients, resulting in improved GERD/HRQL scores (P = 0.001), which were most pronounced after the starting dose of PPI (P < 0.001). " 10/01/2006 - "The incorporation of the Impedance within the battery of tests for the diagnosis of the gastroesophageal reflux in the pediatric population, at the moment allows us to know the pattern behavior of esophagus during the meals: feeding periods were associated with a greater number of reflux per hour, most of which weakly acidic; the acid exposure was significantly greater during fasting periods." 01/01/2006 - "Elimination of GERD symptoms improved quality of life and eliminated the need for daily acid suppression in most patients. " 05/01/2002 - "The parameter used to measure the efficacy of combination regimens for GERD thus far--nocturnal acid breakthrough--has not been proven to correlate with improvement of GERD symptoms in any controlled or prospective clinical trials. "
3.	Omeprazole (Prilosec)FDA LinkGeneric 12/01/1995 - "In addition, studies also indicate that omeprazole is the most effective agent for the treatment of patients with GERD refractory to other treatments. " 01/01/1989 - "Several studies have clearly demonstrated that omeprazole is highly efficacious in the management of patients with gastro-oesophageal reflux disease. " 04/01/2000 - "To compare the omeprazole test to ambulatory 24-h oesophageal pH monitoring in diagnosing GERD in symptomatic patients using endoscopically proven erosive oesophagitis as a gold standard. " 06/19/2014 - "Omeprazole statistically significantly improved GERD-related QOL from 30.8±0.7 to 33.0±0.5 (P<0.01) (QOLRAD-J, total) and from 6.0±0.2 to 6.6±0.1 (P<0.01) (QOLRAD-J, sleep-related) when administrated to patients with reflux symptoms. " 09/01/2008 - "The symptoms of GERD were significantly improved with omeprazole in the case group. "
4.	Esomeprazole (Nexium)FDA Link 07/01/2015 - "GERD symptom scores were significantly improved from baseline to the final week of the study in all of the treatment groups (P < 0.01) CONCLUSIONS:: In children ages 1 to 11 years with endoscopically proven GERD, esomeprazole (at daily doses of 5, 10, or 20 mg) was generally well tolerated. " 07/01/2015 - "GERD symptom scores were significantly improved from baseline to the final week of the study in all of the treatment groups (P < 0.01) CONCLUSIONS: In children ages 1 to 11 years with endoscopically proven GERD, esomeprazole (at daily doses of 5, 10, or 20 mg) was generally well tolerated. " 05/01/2008 - "GERD symptom scores were significantly improved from baseline to the final week of the study in all of the treatment groups (P < 0.01) In children ages 1 to 11 years with endoscopically proven GERD, esomeprazole (at daily doses of 5, 10, or 20 mg) was generally well tolerated. " 01/01/2019 - "There was no significant improvement in the patient GERD symptoms increasing the dose of oral esomeprazole during the 6 months of study. " 12/01/2020 - "Esomeprazole treatment yielded a significant improvement in clinical signs and symptoms of GERD compared to placebo group. "
5.	Rabeprazole (Aciphex)FDA Link 03/01/2002 - "In this large, open-label trial, rabeprazole rapidly and effectively relieved gastro-oesophageal reflux disease symptoms in most patients with erosive oesophagitis. " 04/01/2014 - "Rabeprazole was effective in maintaining endoscopic/histologic healing during a 24-week maintenance period in children with endoscopically proven GERD. " 01/01/2014 - "Rabeprazole was effective in reducing the symptoms of GERD; the Likert scale scores of symptoms decreased significantly for all patients from 0-4 weeks and 4-8 weeks. " 09/01/2010 - "Rabeprazole was again significantly effective in patients with positive findings for esophageal reflux (p = 0.0025). " 05/01/2008 - "The addition of rabeprazole offered significant improvement in GERD scores in both groups."
6.	Pantoprazole (Protonix)FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/2018 - "Pantoprazole also continuously improved the quality of life of GERD patients over 8 weeks of treatment and was very well tolerated throughout the whole study. " 04/01/2006 - "Pantoprazole (20 and 40 mg) is effective in reducing endoscopically proven GERD symptoms in children. " 01/01/2014 - "Pantoprazole-Mg 40 mg significantly improved a broad range of esophageal and extra-esophageal GERD related symptoms including sleep disturbances, as well as well-being, in patients with daytime or night-time GERD, making it a good option for patients with GERD, especially when extra-esophageal and night-time symptoms are present." 06/01/2010 - "Pantoprazole significantly improved GERD symptom scores and was well tolerated. " 06/01/2007 - "GERD appears to be more common and more severe in the elderly, and pantoprazole has shown to be an effective treatment for this at-risk population."
7.	Lansoprazole (Prevacid)FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/2010 - "Results of multicenter study "Efficacy of Lansoptol (lansoprazole, KRKA) and its influence on the Dynamics of GERD symptoms" (LIEDER) are presented. " 12/01/2005 - "Impact of Helicobacter pylori eradication on the anti-secretory efficacy of lansoprazole in gastroesophageal reflux disease patients." 01/01/2002 - "Efficacy of lansoprazole in the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease in children." 05/01/1994 - "The pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and clinical safety of lansoprazole are discussed elsewhere in this supplement, and so this review will focus upon the European and American experience of the efficacy of lansoprazole in the treatment of peptic ulceration and gastro-oesophageal reflux." 01/01/2015 - "Lifestyle factors associated with GERD and the beneficial effect of specific recommended lifestyle interventions in the primary care setting were evaluated as a post-hoc analysis of the LEGEND study which investigated the effect of lansoprazole in patients with GERD who reported dyspeptic symptoms. "
8.	AntacidsIBA 01/01/2017 - "The conversion was very effective for GERD with 100% patients reporting improvement in symptoms, and 80% patients were able to stop their antacid medications. " 12/01/1991 - "The Authors conclude that antacids in large quantities are effective in medical treatment of gastro-esophageal reflux." 11/01/2022 - "The last decade has seen the rise of multiple novel endoscopic techniques to treat gastroesophageal reflux disease, many of which are efficacious when compared with traditional surgical options and allow relief from long-term dependence on antacid medications. " 03/01/2006 - "A number of clinical trials predominantly short-term have been performed almost uniformly demonstrating patient improvement in GERD symptomatology and reduction or elimination of antacids. " 02/01/1994 - "Early previous studies have clearly demonstrated the efficacy of antacids in reducing gastro-oesophageal reflux and healing of reflux oesophagitis. "
9.	Cisapride (Propulsid)FDA Link 09/01/1997 - "In the acute management of GERD, cisapride is superior to placebo and has the same efficacy as H2 receptor antagonists (H2RAs) in several clinical trials. " 08/01/1998 - "Cisapride, a prokinetic agent, has been reported effective for treating mild-to-moderate grade gastroesophageal reflux disease. " 01/01/1991 - "These results suggest that in addition to other therapeutic measurements, such as positional treatment (which was previously demonstrated to be effective in this age group), cisapride might be of benefit in the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease." 01/01/1989 - "Thus cisapride may be useful in the treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease." 12/01/2004 - "In the second part of the study, we started cisapride with the children with documented gastroesophageal reflux and evaluated the efficacy of cisapride with the second 24-hour pH monitoring. "
10.	Ranitidine (Zantac)FDA LinkGeneric 07/01/1997 - "To determine whether ranitidine (Zantac) taken once or twice daily is effective for relieving symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux among pregnant women who had failed conservative measures. " 07/01/1997 - "This study indicates the efficacy of ranitidine 150 mg taken twice daily, rather than once daily, for relief of gastroesophageal reflux symptoms during pregnancy." 08/01/2019 - "Comparison of the efficacy of ranitidine and quince syrup on gastroesophageal reflux disease in children." 10/01/2018 - "It seems that the efficacy of QS for the management of pregnancy-related GERD is similar to ranitidine. " 10/01/2018 - "It seems that the efficacy of QS for the management of pregnancy-related GERD is similar to ranitidine. "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Therapeutics 02/01/2009 - "Most trials of GERD therapies showed no improvement in extra-oesophageal symptoms in children." 01/01/2003 - "Studies suggest that PPIs are highly effective for the management of GERD and related disorders, and are a critically needed component of triple therapy to eradicate H. " 06/01/2010 - "LNF proved highly effective in the management of Indian patients with GERD who have failed medical therapy and provides significant symptomatic improvement postoperatively with a low incidence of side effects." 07/01/2006 - "While symptoms and quality of life were highly impaired in GERD patients without therapy compared with normal people, a significant improvement was obtained by PPI therapy. " 10/01/2004 - "While most patients suffering from gastroesophageal reflux disease get at least some relief from pharmaceutical therapy, some individuals must consider more aggressive action to achieve relief. "
2.	Fundoplication 11/27/2016 - "Outcomes described in current literature following laparoscopic fundoplication indicate that it is highly effective for treatment of GERD; early clinical studies demonstrate relief of symptoms in approximately 85%-90% of patients. " 10/01/2003 - "Laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication has been shown to improve overall quality of life (QOL) in patients with gastroesophageal reflux, but most studies have not addressed patients with atypical symptoms. " 03/01/2006 - "For most patients, laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication is effective in controlling GERD symptoms during and after pregnancy." 08/01/2005 - "A total (360 degrees) fundoplication is shown to be a safe and effective method for treating GERD in lung transplant recipients and is the authors' procedure of choice, in most cases, for this high-risk patient population. " 01/01/2004 - "Laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication is highly effective for GERD and could become the standard surgical treatment in Japan."
3.	Gastric Bypass (Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass) 12/01/2021 - "[Is the Roux-en-Y gastric bypass still the gold standard in obese patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease?]" 01/01/2021 - "Conversion to Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) is considered the gold standard to manage GERD and related symptoms. " 04/01/2020 - "Gastric bypass (GBP) is considered the gold standard for obese patients with GERD. " 08/01/2008 - "Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) has been consistently associated with improvement in the symptoms and findings of GERD. " 12/01/1997 - "Symptomatic and clinical improvement in morbidly obese patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease following Roux-en-Y gastric bypass."
4.	Gastrectomy 05/01/2014 - "Similarly, adjustable gastric banding (AGB, 2.77±.57 to 1.63±1.37, P<.0001) and sleeve gastrectomy (SG, 2.82±.57 to 1.85±1.40, P<.0001) had significant improvement in GERD score. " 01/01/2016 - "Retrocolic or Antecolic Roux-en-Y Reconstruction after Distal Gastrectomy: Which Is More Effective in the Prevention of Postoperative Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease." 11/18/2021 - "ESD-G may be effective in patients with refractory GERD-related symptoms without a history of distal gastrectomy." 10/01/2015 - "The aim of this study is to determine if the LINX® magnetic sphincter augmentation system is a safe and effective option for patients with new gastroesophageal reflux disease following laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy. " 12/01/2021 - "Conversion to LRYGB from sleeve gastrectomy is a safe and effective way to manage GERD after sleeve gastrectomy."
5.	Aftercare (After-Treatment) 01/01/2017 - "After treatment and compared with baseline, the severity of symptoms, frequency scale for symptoms of GERD and QoL significantly improved in both groups. " 12/01/2007 - "Patients with grade A oesophagitis and with reflux-related symptoms ingested significantly lower water volumes than did controls, before onset of fullness, without statistically significant difference between erosive or non-erosive gastro-oesophageal reflux disease; this variable improved in patients after treatment. " 10/21/2011 - "The percentage of patients with satisfactory GERD control improved from 31.1% at baseline to 86.7% after treatment, and patient satisfaction improved from 1.4 at baseline to 4.0 at 12 mo (P < 0.01). " 10/19/2019 - "The manual osteopathic technique produces an improvement in GERD symptoms one week after treatment, cervical mobility, and PPTs. " 01/01/2011 - "GERD symptoms improved based on the fact that the mean change from baseline in GERD symptom score after treatment was a negative value. "