Galactorrhea

Excessive or inappropriate LACTATION in females or males, and not necessarily related to PREGNANCY. Galactorrhea can occur either unilaterally or bilaterally, and be profuse or sparse. Its most common cause is HYPERPROLACTINEMIA.

Also Known As:

Networked: 601 relevant articles (23 outcomes, 34 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Amenorrhea
2.	Hyperprolactinemia
3.	Gynecomastia
4.	Pituitary Neoplasms (Pituitary Adenoma)
5.	Headache (Headaches)

Experts

1.	Mendhekar, D N: 3 articles (03/2005 - 01/2004)
2.	Berberoglu, Merih: 2 articles (07/2015 - 01/2011)
3.	Andrade, Chittaranjan: 2 articles (07/2014 - 03/2005)
4.	Praharaj, Samir Kumar: 2 articles (01/2014 - 01/2011)
5.	van Harten, Peter N: 2 articles (09/2013 - 08/2009)
6.	Buitelaar, Jan K: 2 articles (09/2013 - 08/2009)
7.	Roke, Yvette: 2 articles (09/2013 - 08/2009)
8.	Boot, Annemieke M: 2 articles (09/2013 - 08/2009)
9.	Krysiak, Robert: 2 articles (06/2012 - 07/2008)
10.	Atmaca, Murad: 2 articles (01/2011 - 11/2002)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Galactorrhea:

1.	ProlactinIBA 04/01/1985 - "Prolactin levels decreased with treatment and inappropriate galactorrhea improved in the 53 patients except for 7 where there was no change. " 02/01/2004 - "Through this study we intend to try to determine the diagnostic value of the association of the cyclic dysfunctions with galactorrhea by measuring the prolactin levels in 2236 patients complaining of galactorrhea. " 03/01/1980 - "Patients with elevated prolactin levels and galactorrhea were not included in the study. " 05/10/1977 - "[Blood prolactin study in four cases of galactorrhea (author's transl)]." 07/01/2015 - "Antidepressant-induced galactorrhea and increases in prolactin levels have rarely been reported. "
2.	Bromocriptine (Parlodel)FDA LinkGeneric 06/01/1977 - "In contrast, bromocriptine was effective in suppressing galactorrhea and restoring normal menses in group II subjects and remains the therapy of choice for this purpose." 02/15/1990 - "Discontinuation of bromocriptine and administration of antipsychotic medication resulted in gradual improvement in the psychotic symptoms, without complications of galactorrhea or breast engorgement. " 11/01/1985 - "The efficacy of bromocriptine in patients with ovulatory dysfunction and normoprolactinemic galactorrhea." 01/01/2011 - "However, galactorrhea persisted for a few weeks necessitating treatment with bromocriptine." 02/01/2009 - "Pregnancy rate following bromocriptine treatment in infertile women with galactorrhea."
3.	Pergolide (Permax)FDA Link 01/05/1981 - "Clinical response of patients with galactorrhea to pergolide, a potent, long-acting dopaminergic ergot derivative." 08/01/1981 - "Pergolide, a synthetic ergoline, is a potent long-acting dopaminergic drug effective in Parkinson's disease and amenorrhea-galactorrhea. " 03/01/1991 - "Pergolide (taken once a day), was compared with bromocriptine (taken two to four times daily) regarding efficacy and safety in the reduction of PRL levels, the cessation of galactorrhea and amenorrhea, the improvement in sexual function, and tumor shrinkage in hyperprolactinemia without (trial I; 61 patients) and with radiologically evident pituitary tumors (trial II; 96 patients). "
4.	Sertraline (Zoloft)FDA LinkGeneric 12/31/2015 - "We report here a case of FXT-induced hyperprolactinemic galactorrhea developing late into treatment on a stable regimen, who responded well to subsequent replacement with sertraline. " 09/01/2013 - "In this case report, I present a case of a young female who developed galactorrhea with sertraline, which improved on discontinuation of sertraline. " 09/01/2013 - "Sertraline-induced galactorrhea: case report and review of cases reported with other SSRIs." 08/01/1996 - "Sertraline and galactorrhea." 08/01/1993 - "Galactorrhea induced by sertraline."
5.	Amantadine (Aman)FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/1981 - "Five of the 11 patients suffered from galactorrhea, and all of these reported improvement in their galactorrhea on amantadine. " 04/01/1989 - "The authors report a case of mania secondary to amantadine in a patient for whom amantadine was used to treat galactorrhea and amenorrhea. " 01/01/1981 - "Presumably these effects are due to amantadine's properties as a dopamine agonist and suggest a possible use of amantadine in the treatment of neuroleptic-induced galactorrhea." 01/01/1981 - "The effect of amantadine on prolactin levels and galactorrhea on neuroleptic-treated patients." 04/01/1987 - "Significant reduction with amantadine was observed on all six indices of neuroendocrine side effects: serum prolactin levels, body weight, gynecomastia/galactorrhea, breast tenderness, decreased libido, and amenorrhea. "
6.	olanzapine (Zyprexa)FDA Link 04/01/2004 - "Olanzapine-induced galactorrhea in a woman with psychotic illness." 06/01/2002 - "Olanzapine-induced galactorrhea." 01/01/2012 - "Patients switching to olanzapine were significantly less likely to experience relapse (hazard ratio: 3.43, 95% CI: 1.43, 8.26), extrapyramidal symptoms (odds ratio [OR]: 4.02, 95% CI: 1.49, 10.89) and amenorrhea/galactorrhea (OR: 8.99, 95% CI: 2.30, 35.13). " 06/01/2011 - "Olanzapine medication was discontinued in three patients because of galactorrhea, seizures, and raised liver enzyme activities, respectively. " 01/01/2004 - "The change to olanzapine therapy did not show much change in serum prolactin level and galactorrhea. "
7.	Citalopram (Escitalopram)FDA Link 09/01/2009 - "In the present study, we report a case of hyperprolactinemic galactorrhea associated with escitalopram. " 07/01/2014 - "We report a 27-year-old woman who developed unilateral breast engorgement with galactorrhea 18 days after initiation of escitalopram (10 mg/day). " 07/01/2014 - "Unilateral Galactorrhea Associated with Low-dose Escitalopram." 01/01/2014 - "Euprolactinemic galactorrhea with escitalopram." 01/01/2011 - "A case of galactorrhea with escitalopram: a biopsychosocial phenomenon."
8.	Testosterone (Sustanon)FDA Link 05/15/1978 - "Amenorrhea-galactorrhea associated with a testosterone-producing, solid granulosa cell tumor." 04/01/2004 - "At study entry, of the 41 patients with macroprolactinoma, 17 (41.4%) had visual field defects, 14 (34.1%) had headache, eight (19.5%) had galactorrhea, 22 (53.6%) had hypopituitarism apart from hypogonadism, and 30 (73.2%) had low testosterone levels; of the 10 patients with microprolactinoma, none had visual field defects, galactorrhea, or hypopituitarism apart from hypogonadism, two had headache (20%), and five had low testosterone levels (50%; P = 0.3). " 12/01/2002 - "Male hyperprolactinemia can cause hypogonadism (decreased testosterone levels), libido decrease, infertility due oligospermia and gynecomastia while galactorrhea rarely occurs. " 10/01/1977 - "The plasma prolactin was increased to 58 ng/ml and rose to 97 ng/ml after 200 microgram TRF iv. The patient was treated for one year with testosterone; his voice deepened, body hair developed, libido and sexual function became overt, and bone age advanced from 14 1/2 to 17 years, but the galactorrhea increased. " 06/01/2006 - "After switching to olanzapine treatment, male patients experienced significantly (p=.03) increased free testosterone levels but there were no significant improvements in total testosterone levels; some female patients experienced improved menstrual cycling, as well as resolution of galactorrhea and gynecomastia, and sexual functioning was significantly improved in both genders. "
9.	quetiapine (Seroquel)FDA Link 10/01/2010 - "Dose-dependent galactorrhea with quetiapine." 10/01/2010 - "We report a case of quetiapine-induced hyperprolactinemia and galactorrhea in an adult female, which was dose-dependent." 06/01/2006 - "After the switch to quetiapine the galactorrhea and breast tenderness stopped, the level of prolactin normalized and the psychiatric condition of the patients showed remission. " 06/01/2006 - "The aim of our study was to evaluate the results of the switch to quetiapine in the cases of elevated prolactin with galactorrhea. " 01/01/2012 - "Quetiapine-induced galactorrhea with normal prolactin level in an adult female patient."
10.	Levodopa (L Dopa)FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/1980 - "[Endocrine effect of L-DOPA in treating the amenorrhea-galactorrhea syndrome]." 05/01/1973 - "Restoration of ovarian function in patients with the amenorrhea-galactorrhea syndrome after long-term therapy with L-dopa." 03/01/1972 - "L-Dopa (D,L-alpha-hydrazino-alpha-methyl-beta-[3,4-di-hydroxyphenyl]) has the opposite effect; it inhibits prolactin secretion and may be effective in suppressing galactorrhea." 09/23/1972 - "The effect of levodopa on galactorrhea in the Forbes-Albright syndrome." 01/20/1979 - "Plasma GH and PRL levels after a single oral administration of CB-154 (2.5mg) and L-DOPA (1g) were measured in 18 active acromegalic patients with and without galactorrhea. "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Drug Therapy (Chemotherapy) 01/01/1988 - "Because symptomatic relief occurs an average of 6 to 8 weeks after initiation of pharmacotherapy, clinicians presently manage neuroleptic-induced galactorrhea by trial and error. " 02/15/1991 - "Galactorrhea (milky discharge) may occur during pregnancy or breast-feeding or as a result of drug therapy, hypothyroidism, or hyperthyroidism. " 11/01/2004 - "Soon after initiation of drug therapy, the patient developed galactorrhea and dysmenorrhea, and her prolactin level was 171.6ng/mL (normal level 2.8-29.2ng/mL in adult women). " 09/01/2001 - "After one cycle of chemotherapy for management of the lymphoma, parallel reductions in serum prolactin concentrations and galactorrhea were noted. " 06/01/2006 - "Our data support the benefit of the switch to another new generation drug, first of all to quetiapine, in the cases of galactorrhea and/or elevated prolactin level related to the antipsychotic pharmacotherapy."
2.	Mammaplasty (Breast Reconstruction) 09/01/2012 - "There are only a few case reports concerning galactorrhea after augmentation mammoplasty. " 09/01/2012 - "Galactorrhea is a known complication of breast surgery, particularly reduction mammoplasty. " 09/01/2012 - "Treatment algorithm of galactorrhea after augmentation mammoplasty." 05/01/2006 - "Galactorrhea complicating wound healing following reduction mammaplasty occurs rarely; only isolated cases have been reported in recent years. " 05/01/2006 - "Galactorrhea complicating wound healing following reduction mammaplasty."
3.	Radiotherapy 07/01/1987 - "Eight women with amenorrhea, galactorrhea, and hyperprolactinemia, of whom six had macroadenomas and two had microadenomas, were treated with conventional (cobalt-60) external radiotherapy, and their progress was monitored for eight to 15 years. " 11/01/1982 - "One young adult woman who developed galactorrhea and amenorrhea 2 years following radiotherapy showed a high serum prolactin level, but had normal anterior pituitary function and sella turcica. " 03/17/1977 - "Surgery and radiotherapy lowered prolactin to a similar degree in patients with tumor, but galactorrhea, and amenorrhea often persisted after treatment. "
4.	Aftercare (After-Treatment) 09/01/1977 - "After treatment with triiodothyronine (T3), the elevated TSH and PRL levels fell to within normal ranges, and the galactorrhea disappeared. " 03/17/1977 - "Surgery and radiotherapy lowered prolactin to a similar degree in patients with tumor, but galactorrhea, and amenorrhea often persisted after treatment. " 04/01/1977 - "Gonadotropin levels in basal conditions and after gonadotropin-releasing hormone (Gn-RH) stimulation in 20 patients with hypogonadism, galactorrhea, and hyperprolactinemia are reported and, in some cases, results after treatment with bromocriptine are included. "
5.	Thyroidectomy 11/01/1984 - "A 43-yr-old woman, who had previously had a subtotal thyroidectomy, presented with hyperthyroidism and amenorrhea-galactorrhea due to a pituitary adenoma secreting TSH, TSH-alpha, and PRL. " 09/01/1956 - "Post-thyroidectomy hypothyroidism, hypoparathyroidism, exophthalmos and galactorrhea with normal menstruation: metabolic response to probenecid."