Gagging

Clinical manifestation of the digestive system consisting of contraction of the muscle of the pharynx caused by stimulation of sensory receptors on the soft palate, by psychic stimuli, or systemically by drugs.

Also Known As:

Networked: 133 relevant articles (6 outcomes, 7 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Vomiting
2.	Spinal Cord Injuries (Spinal Cord Injury)
3.	Motion Sickness (Airsickness)
4.	Hiatal Hernia
5.	Esophagitis

Experts

1.	Critchley, Lester A H: 2 articles (10/2006 - 05/2002)
2.	Visscher, C M: 1 article (07/2015)
3.	LaFerriere, Keith A: 1 article (07/2015)
4.	Boomsma, D I: 1 article (07/2015)
5.	van Wijk, A J: 1 article (07/2015)
6.	Jones, Kristin A: 1 article (07/2015)
7.	de Jongh, A: 1 article (07/2015)
8.	van Houtem, C M H H: 1 article (07/2015)
9.	Ligthart, L: 1 article (07/2015)
10.	Niyogi, Mausumi: 1 article (04/2015)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Gagging:

1.	Nitrous Oxide (Laughing Gas)IBA 07/01/1988 - "A controlled, double blind experiment on human volunteers evaluated the efficacy of nitrous oxide for suppressing experimentally-induced gagging. " 09/01/1981 - "The control of gagging by suggestion and nitrous oxide sedation--a case report." 07/01/2001 - "The objective of this study was to compare two methods for reducing gagging induced by stimulation of the soft palate: table salt and nitrous oxide inhalation sedation. " 07/01/2001 - "Nitrous oxide inhalation sedation significantly (P < .001) reduced the gagging/retching reaction, whereas there was no significant time difference in gagging reaction between stimulation with the spoon alone or when table salt was added. " 07/01/2001 - "The mean time for eliciting the gagging reaction was 7.7 seconds for the spoon alone, 8.9 seconds for the spoon and table salt, and 24.0 seconds for the nitrous oxide sedation. "
2.	Propofol (Diprivan)FDA LinkGeneric 12/01/1998 - "Propofol at subhypnotic doses seemed to be effective in eliminating hypersensitive gagging reaction to dentistry." 11/01/2004 - "She was extubated when normal spontaneous breathing, clear consciousness and adequate pharyngeal reflex were present 25 min after discontinuing propofol. " 12/01/1998 - "We describe a 44-year-old male patient with severe gagging reaction successfully treated without sedative effect by a continuous infusion of propofol. " 12/01/1998 - "Elimination of hypersensitive gagging reaction to dentistry by propofol at subhypnotic doses." 10/01/2010 - "Results showed that increasing dose of propofol decreases the adverse events like inadequate jaw relaxation, limb movements, coughing, gagging and laryngospasm. "
3.	DroperidolFDA LinkGeneric 08/01/1999 - "In the group receiving 5 mg of droperidol there was significantly less gagging at intubation, less retching during the procedure, better patient cooperation, less need for physical restraint, and improved nurses' and physician's impression of sedation. " 09/01/2000 - "Droperidol premedication significantly decreased post-procedure nausea and vomiting, reduced gagging at intubation, and decreased retching during the procedure. "
4.	Succinylcholine (Suxamethonium Chloride)FDA LinkGeneric 07/01/1999 - "Mini-dose suxamethonium improved the correct positioning of the laryngeal mask during the first attempt (93 vs. 67%, p < 0.02), decreased the incidence of swallowing (p < 0.001), gagging (p < 0.001) and head or limb movement (p < 0.05). "
5.	OxygenIBA 07/01/2012 - "We assessed the need for sedation, tolerance of the endotracheal tube, patient comfort, incidence of coughing or gagging, and changes in heart rate, blood pressure, and oxygen saturation. " 02/01/2012 - "The lowest oxygen saturation, lowest and highest systolic blood pressure and heart rate, and presence or absence of gagging, coughing, or chest wall rigidity were also noted. " 05/01/2006 - "Oxygen flow rates up to 20 l/min are well tolerated, but flow rates of 30 l/min produce occasional coughing or gagging. " 06/01/1999 - "The incidences of intra-operative coughing, gagging, laryngospasm, oxygen desaturation and hypercarbia were similar in both groups. " 08/01/2010 - "Outcome parameters included objective (duration, oxygen saturation) and subjective measures (standardised visual analogue scales) of the endoscopy staff (handling, insertion, retroflexion, tolerability, overall assessment) and patients (pain, unpleasantness, sore throat, choking, gagging, meteorism, anxiety, acceptability). "
6.	Dietary Sodium Chloride (Table Salt)IBA 01/01/1987 - "Gagging: the preventive effect of table salt." 07/01/2001 - "The objective of this study was to compare two methods for reducing gagging induced by stimulation of the soft palate: table salt and nitrous oxide inhalation sedation. " 07/01/2001 - "Nitrous oxide inhalation sedation significantly (P < .001) reduced the gagging/retching reaction, whereas there was no significant time difference in gagging reaction between stimulation with the spoon alone or when table salt was added. " 07/01/2001 - "The mean time for eliciting the gagging reaction was 7.7 seconds for the spoon alone, 8.9 seconds for the spoon and table salt, and 24.0 seconds for the nitrous oxide sedation. " 07/01/2001 - "Fifteen healthy volunteers, eight men and seven women with a mean age of 20.6 years, were subjected to a gagging event three times using a large tablespoon to stimulate the soft palate: event 1 = spoon alone, event 2 = spoon and table salt on the tip of the tongue with a 30-minute break between events 1 and 2, and event 3 = spoon and nitrous oxide sedation on another day. "
7.	Proton Pump InhibitorsIBA 01/01/2006 - "Stressors considered in the study included height, body mass index (BMI), postoperative gagging, vomiting, weight lifting (greater than 100 pounds), coughing, hiccuping, motion sickness, retching, belching, antidepressant use, smoking, preoperative grade of esophagitis, size of hiatal hernia, lower esophageal sphincter pressure, esophageal body pressures, and preoperative response to proton pump inhibitors. "
8.	Evans Blue (Blue, Evans)FDA Link 11/01/2003 - "Four individuals in our unit with traumatic spinal cord injury, three quadriplegic and one paraplegic, presented with aspiration identified by a positive modified Evan's blue dye test or constant coughing, gagging and oxygen desaturation during cuff deflation trials. "
9.	lime (calcium oxide)FDA Link 06/01/1986 - "In this study, habituation may have been prevented by alternating lime juice and lemon juice when ruminative gagging reached a predetermined rate. "
10.	Lidocaine (Xylocaine)FDA LinkGeneric 11/01/2014 - "Hemodynamic variables at baseline and during the procedure, patient recall, vocal cord visibility, ease of intubation, coughing/gagging episodes, and signs of lignocaine toxicity were noted. " 01/01/2014 - "When used for awake videolaryngoscope assisted tracheal intubation of the morbidly obese, chewing lidocaine soaked gauze does not decrease the amount of gagging as compared to lidocaine aerosolisation, but does increase the plasma levels of lidocaine." 01/01/2014 - "Gagging scores and hemodynamic parameters did not differ between groups, but the saline group had lower plasma levels of lidocaine after the intubation procedure. " 12/01/2011 - "The rate ratio of gagging with quasi-likelihood estimation of placebo compared with lidocaine was 2.85 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.42-6.19; P = .005). " 01/01/2001 - "Age and patient gagging during Lidocaine throat spraying, but not patient fear and anxiety about the procedure can be used to predict EGD intolerance and used for selection of patients for sedation."

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Sutures (Suture) 06/01/2010 - "The cumulative incidences of recurrent reflux, gagging/retching, wrap failure on imaging studies, and reoperation were significantly greater with the use of simple sutures (P < .01, .03, < .01, and < .01, respectively). "
2.	Anesthesia 03/01/1999 - "The efficacy of anesthesia was scored by the patient reaction (coughing or gagging) to instrumentation in the pharynx, at the glottis, and in the trachea; to passage of the tracheal tube into the trachea; and to the presence of the tube in the trachea. " 04/01/2011 - "As crying and attempting to cry are similar, we propose that at least two of the following five behaviors are present to consider a neonate awake after anesthesia: (i) crying or attempting to cry, (ii) vigorous limb movements, (iii) gagging on a tracheal tube, (iv) eyes open, and (v) looking around. " 02/01/2012 - "At the α level following Bonferroni correction, LMA showed less coughing or gagging during the anesthesia phase for all surgeries combined (48% for ETT vs. 20% for LMA; χ(2) = 10.153, P = .002), and for ETT nontonsillectomy vs. LMA nontonsillectomy (48% for ETT vs. 3% for LMA; χ(2) = 15.196, P = .000), spontaneous ventilation was used more often in the LMA group when comparing all surgeries (χ(2) = 19.493, P = .000), and when comparing ETT tonsillectomy and LMA tonsillectomy (χ(2) = 11.131, P = .000). " 04/01/1999 - "Dental patients who may benefit from office-based anesthesia include patients undergoing stressful procedures, fearful patients, medically or behaviorally challenged patients, young children, and patients with a history of gagging or local anesthesia problems. " 11/01/1993 - "In the prone position, changes in the autonomic nervous system during surgical procedures and anesthesia, vascular congestion resulting from the surgical position, an overactive pharyngeal reflex stimulated by endotracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation are discussed as possible causes. "
3.	Dental Care 07/01/2015 - "This study aimed to derive a prevalence estimate of gagging during dental treatment based on patient-reported information, to determine some socio-demographic and psychological correlates and to assess the relationship of gagging with self-reported oral health and avoidance of dental care. " 05/01/2014 - "Gagging is a behavioral response that interferes with oral health care and may be related to dental care-related fear. " 03/01/2008 - "An experimental group (n = 13) comprising individuals with gagging problems, and a control group (n = 12) that had received dental care without gagging, completed a questionnaire focused on general health aspects and dental anxiety and the patient part of the GPA. " 05/01/2014 - "By targeting dental care-related fear, fear of pain and negative beliefs about dental care in patients who often gag when receiving dental care, clinicians may be able to help reduce gagging in frequency or intensity, potentially making treatment more comfortable for patients and easier for dental care providers." 05/01/2014 - "Gagging in the dental office is a prevalent problem, and dental care-related fear and fear of pain are associated with more frequent gagging. "
4.	Acupressure (Shiatsu) 07/01/2000 - "Acupuncture/acupressure to treat gagging dental patients: a clinical study of anti-gagging effects." 05/22/2010 - "The Gagging Prevention Index (GPI) was used to evaluate gagging reflex after the laser stimulation and acupressure. "
5.	Prostheses and Implants (Prosthesis) 12/01/2014 - "To assess removable prosthetic restoration tolerance according to the patient section of the short form of the Gagging Problem Assessment Questionnaire (GPA-pa SF) and the influence of gender, education level and prosthesis type and denture-related mucosal irritation on the GPA-pa SF scores before treatment and over a period of two months after prosthesis insertion. " 10/01/2013 - "The purpose of this paper was to describe method of managing gagging patients , based on modified treatment approaches, starting from impression making to design of the prosthesis i.e. " 03/01/2012 - "Severe gagging acts as a barrier to treat such patients with accepted clinical procedures and prevent patients from wearing the prosthesis. " 07/01/2007 - "The procedure was made possible by controlling the patient's dental phobia and gagging reflex with sedation and performing the restoration prosthesis treatment in each block while the patient was sedated. " 05/01/2004 - "Gagging in dental patients can be disruptive to dental treatment and may be a barrier to patient care, preventing the provision of treatment and the wearing of prostheses. "