Furunculosis (Boils)

A persistent skin infection marked by the presence of furuncles, often chronic and recurrent. In humans, the causative agent is various species of STAPHYLOCOCCUS. In salmonid fish (SALMONIDS), the pathogen is AEROMONAS SALMONICIDA.

Also Known As:

Networked: 297 relevant articles (24 outcomes, 20 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Cellulitis
2.	Infection
3.	Folliculitis (Sycosis)
4.	Dermatitis
5.	Carbuncle

Experts

1.	Gravningen, Kjersti: 4 articles (03/2014 - 12/2008)
2.	Mikkelsen, Helene: 4 articles (06/2009 - 08/2003)
3.	Lund, Vera: 4 articles (06/2009 - 08/2003)
4.	Midtlyng, Paul: 3 articles (03/2014 - 01/2012)
5.	Romstad, Anne Berit: 3 articles (03/2014 - 01/2012)
6.	Reitan, Liv Jorun: 3 articles (03/2014 - 01/2012)
7.	Schrøder, Merete B: 3 articles (06/2009 - 06/2008)
8.	Gregory, S P: 3 articles (01/2007 - 09/2003)
9.	Iwatsuki, Keiji: 3 articles (06/2006 - 07/2004)
10.	Evensen, Øystein: 2 articles (03/2014 - 01/2013)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Furunculosis:

1.	VaccinesIBA 03/01/2005 - "Efficacy of furunculosis vaccines in turbot, Scophthalmus maximus (L.): evaluation of immersion, oral and injection delivery." 08/15/2003 - "In spotted wolffish, the efficacy of atypical furunculosis vaccines seems to vary with the atypical A. " 03/01/2014 - "This study shows that the ELISA assay can be used for testing different vaccine formulations and can potentially replace in vivo challenge tests for batch potency testing of furunculosis vaccines. " 03/01/2014 - "The aim of this study was to assess the use of serological assay (immunization & antibody estimation with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for batch potency testing of oil adjuvanted, inactivated commercial furunculosis vaccines. " 01/21/2013 - "The aim of this study was to assess the use of different vaccine evaluation methods to identify furunculosis vaccines of different "potency", using ELISA as in vitro assay and intraperitoneal and cohabitation challenge as in vivo assays. "
2.	Methicillin (Metin)FDA Link 01/01/2011 - "In an asylum seeker centre in Schleswig-Holstein, a resident was diagnosed with furuncle caused by a Panton-Valentine leukocidine (PVL)-positive community-acquired meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA). " 05/01/2010 - "The large majority of furunculosis strains were methicillin sensitive. " 06/01/2007 - "Successful termination of a furunculosis outbreak due to lukS-lukF-positive, methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus in a German village by stringent decolonization, 2002-2005." 07/01/1962 - "Small doses of methicillin in therapy of furunculosis." 01/01/2007 - "The results of this study indicate that azithromycin is an effective and safe alternative in the treatment of chronic furunculosis caused by methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus."
3.	Azithromycin (Zithromax)FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/2007 - "An open-labeled, prospective study was conducted to assess the clinical and in vitro efficacy of azithromycin in the long-term suppressive treatment of chronic furunculosis. " 01/01/2007 - "The primary efficacy parameter was complete absence of furuncles during the 3 months of azithromycin treatment. " 01/01/2007 - "Patients with a history of three or more episodes of furuncles were assigned to receive 12 weeks of suppressive treatment with azithromycin at a weekly dosage of 500 mg. In vitro susceptibility of azithromycin was evaluated with E-test. " 01/01/2007 - "Prevention of chronic furunculosis with low-dose azithromycin." 01/01/2007 - "The results of this study indicate that azithromycin is an effective and safe alternative in the treatment of chronic furunculosis caused by methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus."
4.	Oxolinic AcidIBA 06/23/1999 - "This study was performed to determine the efficacy of orally administered oxolinic acid and Vetoquinol, an oxolinic acid ester, in the treatment of experimental induced furunculosis in Atlantic salmon Salmo salar held in seawater. " 06/23/1999 - "Efficacy of orally administered oxolinic acid and Vetoquinol, an oxolinic acid ester, for the treatment of furunculosis in Atlantic salmon Salmo salar held in seawater."
5.	Muramidase (Lysozyme)IBA 02/27/1998 - "In our study, we examined the influence of dimerized lysozyme (KLP-602) on the nonspecific cellular and humoral defense mechanisms and protection against furunculosis in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). " 02/27/1998 - "Application of dimerized lysozyme (KLP-602) by injection stimulated the cellular and humoral defense mechanisms and provided protection against furunculosis. " 02/27/1998 - "Immunostimulatory effects of dimerized lysozyme (KLP-602) on the nonspecific defense mechanisms and protection against furunculosis in salmonids."
6.	Carbon MonoxideIBA 10/25/1997 - "The efficacy of oral co-amoxyclav, administered twice daily for up to 12 weeks either at the manufacturer's dose rate of 12.5 mg/kg or at 25.0 mg/kg, in curing the lesions of canine folliculitis, furunculosis and cellulitis was compared in a blind study. "
7.	vetoquinolIBA 06/23/1999 - "This study was performed to determine the efficacy of orally administered oxolinic acid and Vetoquinol, an oxolinic acid ester, in the treatment of experimental induced furunculosis in Atlantic salmon Salmo salar held in seawater. " 06/23/1999 - "Efficacy of orally administered oxolinic acid and Vetoquinol, an oxolinic acid ester, for the treatment of furunculosis in Atlantic salmon Salmo salar held in seawater."
8.	Cyclosporine (Ciclosporin)FDA LinkGeneric 09/01/2010 - "Positive control samples taken from dogs treated with oral cyclosporine for anal furunculosis showed measurable levels in blood, demonstrating that the technique worked. " 01/01/2005 - "Cyclosporine was effective at resolving or reducing anal furunculosis lesions in 25 of 26 dogs (96 per cent). " 01/01/2005 - "To evaluate the effect of cyclosporine on anal furunculosis lesions in 26 dogs. " 01/01/2005 - "Cyclosporine treatment of anal furunculosis in 26 dogs." 02/22/2003 - "Twenty-four dogs with anal furunculosis were treated with cyclosporine once daily for 13 weeks at dosages of 1.5, 3.0, 5.0 or 7.5 mg/kg, and re-examined after six and 12 months. "
9.	Amoxicillin (Wymox)FDA LinkGeneric 10/01/1994 - "achromogenes resistant to amoxicillin (MIC > 1024 mg/l) and responsible for furunculosis in farmed Atlantic salmon in Scotland were examined to establish the mechanisms of beta-lactam resistance. " 12/18/1993 - "Amoxicillin concentrations in the serum of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L) during furunculosis therapy." 01/18/1992 - "Amoxycillin in the control of furunculosis in Atlantic salmon parr." 02/01/1976 - "(1) A daily dose of 750 approximately 1,000 mg of amoxicillin was orally administered for 3 approximately 12 days to 20 patients, 7 of which were with acute suppurative tympanitis, 3 with furuncle of the ear, 2 with furuncle of the nose and 8 with acute amygdalitis. " 10/09/1993 - "Clinical efficacy of injectable amoxycillin against furunculosis in Atlantic salmon broodstock."
10.	Mupirocin (Bactroban)FDA LinkGeneric 06/01/2007 - "Nasally colonized persons, persons who had current furuncles or who had experienced relapsing furuncles since 2002, and their family members underwent stringent decolonization measures using mupirocin nasal ointment and disinfecting wash solution. " 11/01/2013 - "Recurrent furunculosis: Efficacy of the CMC regimen--skin disinfection (chlorhexidine), local nasal antibiotic (mupirocin), and systemic antibiotic (clindamycin)." 01/01/2013 - "The furunculosis persisted after treatment with mupirocin nasal ointment, chlorhexidine soap and instructions for washing clothes, towels and bed sheets for a period of 7 days. "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Injections 01/01/2009 - "Predisposing factors included malnourishment, boils, scratch injury, intravenous cannulation and injections. " 01/01/2005 - "Since 1996, three European monographs specific for fish have been adopted; concerning oil-adjuvanted, injectable vaccine for salmonids against furunculosis, as well as bacterins against classical vibriosis (Listonella anguillarum) or cold-water vibriosis (Vibrio salmonicida) in salmonids. " 10/09/1993 - "Clinical efficacy of injectable amoxycillin against furunculosis in Atlantic salmon broodstock." 12/15/1999 - "With furunculosis, the success is attributed to the use of injectable vaccines containing adjuvants. " 07/23/1951 - "[Treatment of furuncles and furunculosis by multiple injections of penicillin]."
2.	Intralesional Injections 01/01/2016 - "To evaluate the safety and efficacy of intralesional injection of human embryonic stem cell (hESC)-derived mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) in canine anal furunculosis dogs. "
3.	Hypnosis (Mesmerism) 03/01/2000 - "A wide spectrum of dermatologic disorders may be improved or cured using hypnosis as an alternative or complementary therapy, including acne excoriée, alopecia areata, atopic dermatitis, congenital ichthyosiform erythroderma, dyshidrotic dermatitis, erythromelalgia, furuncles, glossodynia, herpes simplex, hyperhidrosis, ichthyosis vulgaris, lichen planus, neurodermatitis, nummular dermatitis, postherpetic neuralgia, pruritus, psoriasis, rosacea, trichotillomania, urticaria, verruca vulgaris, and vitiligo. "
4.	Hearing Aids (Hearing Aid) 01/01/1995 - "Hearing aids have improved a lot in recent years, but their function still boils down to two important tasks: selectively amplifying sounds not heard by the individual, and preventing loud sounds from reaching uncomfortable levels."
5.	Lasers (Laser) 03/01/1995 - "The study of blood coagulation in 50 patients with complicated nasal furuncle using thromboelastogram indicated that such patients have hypercoagulation correctable by intravascular laser radiation. " 03/01/1989 - "[Cryogenic laser treatment of abscessed furunculosis]." 01/01/2003 - "This paper presents the priority original methods (patent No. 2101046, Russia) for the treatment of inflammatory pyodestructive processes in the oral cavity, maxillofacial area, and neck (odontogenic abscesses and phlegmons including those complicated by mediastinitis and sepsis), sinusitis, carbuncles and furuncles of face and neck skin, parotitis, sialadenitis, adenophlegmons, lymphadenitis, periotitis, alveolitis, arthritis, arthrosis of the temporomandibular joint, odontogenic and traumatic osteomyelitis, infected purulent traumas (including gunshot ones), fractures of the jaws, etc. making use of Optodan laser (patent No. 2014107, Russia) for laser and magnetic-laser therapy." 07/01/2004 - "The purpose of the present study is to examine the influence of cadexomer iodine against glycocalyx production of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from furuncle lesions on cut wounds in mice using confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM), and the increase in and glycocalyx production of S. " 01/01/1998 - "Presents the design, technological characteristics (wavelength 10.6 mu cm, power up to 7 W, permanent mode) of a new-generation surgical laser Doktor and its use in the treatment of dental and maxillofacial diseases (diseases of the periodontium and buccal mucosa, pericoronitis, trophic ulcers, retention cysts, furuncles and carbuncles of the skin of the neck and face, odontogenic inflammatory processes, injuries, tumors) and in reconstructive, plastic, and cosmetologic surgery."