Frostbite

12/01/2011 - "Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) has been shown to be effective in reducing the number of digits amputated after severe frostbite injury. "
12/01/2005 - "An open-label study to evaluate the safety and efficacy of tissue plasminogen activator in treatment of severe frostbite."
12/01/2011 - "Efficacy of intravenous tissue plasminogen activator in frostbite patients and presentation of a treatment protocol for frostbite patients."
03/01/2015 - "Although further studies are needed, results of this study support a new approach in the management of frostbite: from conservative management and observation to urgent interventional radiology and possible tissue plasminogen activator infusion. "
03/01/2015 - "The emerging role of tissue plasminogen activator in the management of severe frostbite."

06/01/1995 - "Pentoxifylline is as effective as aloe vera cream in improving tissue survival after frostbite injury."
12/01/2003 - "Oxpentifylline: an advance in the treatment of frostbite."
06/01/1995 - "To compare the therapeutic effects of systemic pentoxifylline and topical aloe vera cream in the treatment of frostbite. "
06/01/1995 - "Treatment of experimental frostbite with pentoxifylline and aloe vera cream."
10/01/2000 - "The use of Pentoxifylline to minimize tissue damage in the treatment of frostbite is a viable addition to the traditional therapy of rewarming soaks, pain management, and vesicle débridement. "

05/01/2000 - "Ointments are traditionally used in Finland for protection against facial frostbite. "
04/01/2000 - "Non-medicated ointments are traditionally used in Finland for protection against facial frostbite without scientific evidence of their benefit. "
05/01/2000 - ""Protective" ointments may cause a false sensation of safety, leading to increased risk of frostbite due to neglect of other protective measures."
05/01/2000 - "Recent epidemiological reports showed unexpectedly, however, that the use of ointments is a statistically considerable risk factor for frostbite of the face and ears. "
01/01/1999 - "Those who had used ointments in the cold had a significantly higher cumulative incidence of frostbites on the face (p=0.0031), especially on the cheeks and chin. "

07/01/2005 - "The study was to verify the feasibility of an improved method using reverse flow island flap nourished by the sural nerve nutrition vessel to repair severe frostbite of feet. "
06/01/2011 - "Functional vessel density showed a significant post-frostbite decrease to 60% of the baseline value. "
05/15/2011 - "The loss of functional vessel density was significantly more pronounced after frostbite (57.6% ± 2.2% versus 89.2% ± 4.9% (P < 0.001)). "
06/01/2002 - "These difficulties included ear and face frostbite, upper respiratory infections, temporal vessel laceration from an air gun accident, neck scrofula, and a pediatric neck mass. "

05/01/1998 - "Efficacy of pentoxifylline with aspirin in the treatment of frostbite in rats."
06/01/1998 - "An inflammatory process has been implicated as the underlying mechanism and certain anti-inflammatory substances such as ibuprofen and acetylsalicylic acid have been used in the clinical treatment of frostbite injury. "
05/01/1998 - "The efficacy of pentoxifylline--a haemorrheologic agent along with aspirin--an analgesic agent was evaluated in the amelioration of the tissue damage due to experimentally induced frostbite in 5 groups (20 each) of rats with body weights ranging between 175 and 200 g. "
07/01/2002 - "Effects of treatment by rapid rewarming in tea decoction followed by combined therapy of pentoxifylline, aspirin and vitamin C were evaluated in amelioration of tissue damage due to experimentally induced frostbite in rats. "
07/01/2002 - "Immediate treatment of frostbite using rapid rewarming in tea decoction followed by combined therapy of pentoxifylline, aspirin & vitamin C."

09/01/2000 - "We report a retrospective study of the prognostic value of 2-phase technetium 99m bone scanning performed in 92 patients who presented to Chamonix Hospital with severe frostbite of the extremities in the past 12 years. "
11/01/1995 - "[The value of technetium scintigraphy for early diagnosis and therapy of severe frostbite]."
12/01/2005 - "All patients between January 1, 1989 and February 1, 2003 with severe frostbite not improved by rapid rewarming, with absent Doppler pulses in distal limb or digits, without perfusion by Technetium (Tc) 99m three-phase bone scan, and no contraindication to tPA use were eligible. "
09/01/2000 - "The value of technetium 99 scintigraphy in the prognosis of amputation in severe frostbite injuries of the extremities: A retrospective study of 92 severe frostbite injuries."

07/01/1987 - "[Treatment of frostbite of the extremities by combined axillary plexus and peridural anesthesia: a case report including blood levels of bupivacaine]."
05/01/2013 - "Bupivacaine finger blocks provide prolonged hyperemia and pain block to fingertips, which may be useful in the treatment of acute frostbite. "

01/01/1989 - "Treatment of frostbite with the calmodulin antagonists thioridazine and trifluoperazine."
01/01/1989 - "1. Thioridazine and trifluoperazine, which have been previously found in this laboratory to be the most effective calmodulin antagonists in treatment of burns, are shown here to be also effective in the treatment of frostbite. "

01/01/1989 - "Treatment of frostbite with the calmodulin antagonists thioridazine and trifluoperazine."
01/01/1989 - "1. Thioridazine and trifluoperazine, which have been previously found in this laboratory to be the most effective calmodulin antagonists in treatment of burns, are shown here to be also effective in the treatment of frostbite. "

03/01/1979 - "Efficacy of phenformin & ethylestrenol in treatment of experimental frostbite."

05/01/2000 - "It is concluded that scintigraphy is an excellent means of evaluating patients with severe frostbite of the extremities: as early as day 2 after the injury it can indicate whether amputation is necessary, and between days 2 and 8 it provides valuable information on the efficacy of treatment."
12/01/2011 - "Intravenous tPA is a safe and effective treatment to reduce the number of digital amputations after severe frostbite injury. "
09/01/2000 - "This study showed that (99m)Tc bone scanning in the first few days after frostbite injury indicates the level of amputation in severe frostbite in more than 84% of cases. "
10/15/2015 - "Reducing Amputation Rates After Severe Frostbite."
01/01/2015 - "He was treated for fourth-degree frostbite, ultimately resulting in the complete or partial amputation of all toes. "

03/01/2013 - "Thrombolytic treatment within the first 24 hours after rewarming seems to be beneficial in some cases of severe frostbite. "
03/01/1998 - "We have used an intravital microscopic muscle preparation to study microcirculatory changes carefully in frostbite injury during rewarming. "
11/01/1988 - "In the clinical situation where the patient with frostbite is seen after slow rewarming, we believe that clinical trials of the use of a fibrinolytic agent are warranted."
07/01/1978 - "Studies have been conducted on 72 rats to determine the most suitable temperature at which rapid rewarming should be done as an immediate treatment for frostbite. "
11/01/2009 - "However, rapid rewarming to reverse the tissue crystallization has essentially been the lone frostbite intervention for almost half a century. "

04/01/2008 - "The purpose of this study was to determine the efficacy of Cervico-thoracic sympathectomy as compared to conservative management in severe Raynaud's syndrome after frostbite. "
09/01/1980 - "Late protection against subsequent cold injury appears to be the only benefit of sympathectomy for frostbite."
04/01/1975 - "A number of experimental and clinical studies have shown that early regional surgical sympathectomy decreases tissue loss following frostbite, presumably by relieving vasospasm and increasing blood flow. "
03/01/1970 - "Sympathectomy in the management of frostbite: an experimental study."
01/01/1956 - "[Experimental studies on effects of lumbar gangliectomy and of periarterial sympathectomy in frostbite]."

01/01/2000 - "Although the surgical management of frostbite involves delayed debridement 1 to 3 months after demarcation, recent improvements in radiologic assessment of tissue viability have led to the possibility of earlier surgical intervention. "
03/01/1998 - "For this reason, it is often difficult at the time of surgical debridement to determine the extent of frostbite injury. "
09/01/2013 - "Of the five patients with third-degree frostbite, two underwent skin grafting following debridement, and the remaining three achieved a complete cure with conservative treatment during a mean period of 35±4.3 days (range, 29-39 days). "
03/01/2013 - "Frostbite, a freezing cold injury, is treated traditionally with rapid rewarming followed by tissue care and surgical debridement of necrotic tissue. "
12/01/1995 - "Fifty-seven patients underwent BKA for diabetic foot sepsis with healing failure after debridement or nonreconstructable vascular disease, 19 patients underwent BKAs for progressive necrosis despite a patent arterial reconstruction, and 24 patients underwent BKAs for other causes, including microembolism, calciphylaxis-related gangrene, bypass failure, trauma, frostbite, and calf-wound healing failure after coronary revascularization. "

01/01/2014 - "We present a case report of a woman with deep frostbite of the toes treated with hyperbaric oxygen therapy, after a delay of 21 days, with good results. "
08/01/2015 - "The authors present a case history in the context of current research and provide a listing of previous case reports of hyperbaric oxygen therapy for frostbite. "
04/01/2002 - "Delayed treatment of frostbite injury with hyperbaric oxygen therapy: a case report."
12/01/1969 - "Experimental frostbite and hyperbaric oxygenation."
04/01/2002 - "The effects of hyperbaric oxygen therapy on skin microcirculation were evaluated by laser-Doppler flowmetry and vital capillary microscopy in a frostbite victim 2 wk after the injury. "