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Foot Deformities (Pes Cavus)

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Alterations or deviations from normal shape or size which result in a disfigurement of the foot.

Also Known As:

Pes Cavus; Foot Deformity; Cavus Deformities; Deformities, Cavus; Deformities, Foot; Deformities, Metatarsal; Deformity, Cavus; Deformity, Foot; Deformity, Metatarsal; Metatarsal Deformities; Cavus Deformity; Metatarsal Deformity; Talipes Cavus

Networked: 356 relevant articles (13 outcomes, 30 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Musculoskeletal Diseases: 179
- Foot Deformities: 356

Related Diseases

1.	Cerebral Palsy (Spastic Diplegia)
2.	Dystonia (Limb Dystonia)
3.	Clubfoot (Talipes Equinovarus)
4.	Congenital Abnormalities (Deformity)
5.	Pain (Aches)

Experts

1.	Sinacore, David R: 5 articles (11/2014 - 06/2008)
2.	Johnson, Jeffrey E: 4 articles (11/2014 - 06/2008)
3.	Hastings, Mary K: 4 articles (11/2014 - 06/2008)
4.	Burns, Joshua: 4 articles (06/2012 - 07/2006)
5.	Pinzur, Michael S: 3 articles (11/2015 - 09/2007)
6.	Dobbs, Matthew B: 3 articles (10/2015 - 09/2007)
7.	Napiontek, Marek: 3 articles (02/2015 - 06/2002)
8.	Lui, Tun Hing: 3 articles (01/2015 - 08/2010)
9.	Lamm, Bradley M: 3 articles (09/2014 - 09/2004)
10.	Wenz, W: 3 articles (03/2014 - 03/2000)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Foot Deformities:

1.	Botulinum Toxins (Botulinum Toxin)IBA 01/01/2005 - "Severe foot deformities in which either surgery or botulinum toxin injection was recommended correlated with current age, years since disease onset, and years that the patient required a wheelchair for mobility, but not with the GAA repeat size or age at disease onset. " 12/01/2015 - "Planovalgus foot deformity in cerebral palsy corrected by botulinum toxin injection in the peroneus longus: Clinical and radiological evaluations in young children." 01/01/2002 - "The efficacy of repeated botulinum toxin A injections in the calf muscles was evaluated in a clinical trial involving 21 children with cerebral palsy and dynamic equinus foot deformity who were able to ambulate. " 01/01/2002 - "Botulinum toxin A injections in gastrocnemius and soleus muscles may change the natural history of equinus foot deformity in patients with spastic diplegia. " 01/01/2012 - "[Efficacy of botulinum toxin in the treatment of dynamic equinus and equinovarus foot deformities in children with hemiplegic cerebral palsy]."
2.	Levodopa (L Dopa)FDA LinkGeneric 05/01/1995 - "The dystonia responded well to levodopa, except for the fixed-foot deformity. " 12/01/1994 - "The dystonia responded well to levodopa except for the foot deformities. "
3.	Type A Botulinum Toxins (Botulinum A Toxin)FDA Link 08/01/2010 - "Botulinum toxin type A (BoNT-A) can modify foot deformity in other conditions of muscle imbalance. " 06/01/2000 - "Botulinum toxin type A improved ankle function in children with cerebral palsy and dynamic equinus foot deformity." 07/01/2006 - "The aim of this study was to identify if botulinum toxin type A is a drug able to modify walking velocity, step length, and width of the base of support of adult patients with dynamic equinovarus foot deformity resulting from upper motor neuron syndrome. " 11/01/2001 - "Botulinum toxin type a neuromuscular blockade in the treatment of equinus foot deformity in cerebral palsy: a multicenter, open-label clinical trial." 07/01/2006 - "The main inclusion criteria were the presence of dynamic equinovarus foot deformity due to upper motor neuron syndrome, age between 20 and 80 yrs, evaluation of temporospatial parameters of gait by the Gait Mat II before and 4 wks after botulinum toxin type A injection to the calf muscles, and the ability to walk barefoot, unassisted, and without braces. "
4.	CosmeticsIBA 05/01/2010 - "Toeing in and toeing out are mainly cosmetic problems and can be caused by tibial or femoral rotation, very rarely by a foot deformity. " 12/01/1999 - "These foot deformities are not so much a cosmetic problem, but are very painful and limit the patient's mobility. " 01/01/2006 - "Triple arthrodesis is a good alternative for functional and cosmetic improvement in foot deformities. "
5.	Lactic Acid FDA LinkGeneric 07/01/1989 - "With oral administration of thiamine hydrochloride (1000 mg) and high fat diet (60-70%), muscle weakness improved, and lactate and pyruvate levels in the serum reduced to normal ranges, whereas the mental deterioration, muscle atrophy, pes cavus progressed very slowly. "
6.	Pyruvic Acid (Pyruvate)IBA 07/01/1989 - "With oral administration of thiamine hydrochloride (1000 mg) and high fat diet (60-70%), muscle weakness improved, and lactate and pyruvate levels in the serum reduced to normal ranges, whereas the mental deterioration, muscle atrophy, pes cavus progressed very slowly. "
7.	Thiamine (Aneurin)FDA Link 07/01/1989 - "With oral administration of thiamine hydrochloride (1000 mg) and high fat diet (60-70%), muscle weakness improved, and lactate and pyruvate levels in the serum reduced to normal ranges, whereas the mental deterioration, muscle atrophy, pes cavus progressed very slowly. "
8.	Arthrogryposis multiplex congenitaIBA 03/01/1986 - "As the anomalous condition was present at birth with no progression, the pma mouse may be an experimental model for the study of arthrogryposis multiplex congenita or club foot deformity, and may lead to the understanding of the muscle and nerve interaction during development." 11/01/1994 - "Foot deformities are common in arthrogryposis multiplex congenita. " 11/01/1994 - "Foot deformities in arthrogryposis multiplex congenita." 11/01/1984 - "Talectomy was performed on 10 patients (15 feet) for club foot deformity in arthrogryposis multiplex congenita. " 09/01/1992 - "A case report is presented in which tissue expansion is used to provide the additional skin needed during an opening wedge mid-foot osteotomy to correct a varus foot deformity in a patient with arthrogryposis multiplex congenita. "
9.	Type 1A demyelinating Charcot-Marie-Tooth diseaseIBA 09/01/2011 - "New insights into the pathophysiology of pes cavus in Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 1A duplication." 08/01/2010 - "Pes cavus in Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 1A (CMT1A) is thought to be due to muscle imbalance of the lower leg. " 06/01/2009 - "This is a case of congenital pes cavus in a Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 1A patient. " 06/01/2009 - "A 3-year-old female infant with Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 1A had congenital pes cavus, normal motor development, and duplication of the peripheral myelin protein 22 gene, PMP22. " 06/01/2009 - "Congenital pes cavus in a Charcot-Marie-tooth disease type 1A newborn."
10.	Blood Glucose (Blood Sugar)IBA 05/01/2009 - "Neuropathy was present in 42% of the study subjects and was significantly associated with age, male gender, duration of diabetes, random blood sugar, systolic blood pressure and the presence of foot deformity. " 03/01/2015 - "Binary logistic regression model showed that increased WBC (odds ratio 1.25) and ulcer history (odds ratio 6.8) were associated with increased risks from diabetic foot ulcer to major amputation; increased duration of diabetes (odds ratio 1.004), WBC (odds ratio 1.102), infection (odds ratio 2.323), foot deformity (odds ratio 1.973), revascularization history (odds ratio 2.662), and decreased postprandial blood sugar (odds ratio 0.94) were associated with increased risks from diabetic foot ulcer to minor amputation. " 05/15/2007 - "The Wagner degree of ulcer was related to the duration of diabetes, economic income, foot deformity, nerve reflection, diapason vibration sensation of foot, sensation point of 10 g nylon filament, ankle/brachial index (ABI), foot artery pulse, fasting blood sugar (FBS) and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c). "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Injections 08/01/2010 - "At 24 months, the intramuscular BoNT-A injections proved safe and well-tolerated but did not affect the progression of pes cavus in CMT1A." 01/01/2000 - "The safety and short-term efficacy of BTX injections were evaluated in a prospective, 3-month, double-blind, randomized clinical trial involving 114 children with cerebral palsy and dynamic equinus foot deformity. " 01/01/2003 - "The most common deformity treated with toxin injections in pediatric patients with CP is equinus foot deformity. " 01/01/2002 - "The efficacy of repeated botulinum toxin A injections in the calf muscles was evaluated in a clinical trial involving 21 children with cerebral palsy and dynamic equinus foot deformity who were able to ambulate. " 03/01/2014 - "The aim of this study was to review dverse events in children less than 2 years of age who were treated with Onabotulinumtoxin A injections as part of equinus foot deformity, in the setting of clubfoot at British Columbia's Children Hospital. "
2.	Ilizarov Technique 12/01/2004 - "Gradual correction with the Ilizarov method yields good results for complex foot deformities." 03/01/2011 - "We asked whether the Ilizarov technique could be used for correction of neurologic equinocavovarus foot deformities resulting in improved foot and ankle function and patient satisfaction. " 01/01/2013 - "Ilizarov method appears to be an efficient approach thanks to the three dimensional characteristic of the foot and fixator in the correction of complicated foot deformities." 11/01/2011 - "In conclusion, the Ilizarov method allows simultaneous progressive correction of all components of severe foot deformities associated with limb-lengthening discrepancy with minimal surgery, reducing risks of cutaneous or neurovascular complications and avoiding important shortening of the foot." 03/01/2011 - "The neurologic equinocavovarus foot deformities of 26 patients (mean age, 18.7 years; 29 feet) were treated using the Ilizarov technique. "
3.	Osteotomy 03/01/2013 - "The purpose of the present study was to compare the clinical and radiographic results between 2 procedures, lateral opening wedge calcaneal osteotomy (LCL) and medial calcaneal sliding-opening wedge cuboid-closing wedge cuneiform osteotomy (3C) in patients with planovalgus foot deformity. " 07/01/2015 - "Understanding and proper utilization of osteotomies is paramount in the improvement of cavus foot deformities. " 04/01/2015 - "Combined double tarsal wedge osteotomy and transcuneiform osteotomy for correction of resistant club foot deformity (the bean-shaped foot)." 12/01/2014 - "Calcaneal osteotomy is an extra-articular, joint-sparing procedure that is used in the correction of cavovarus and planovalgus foot deformity. " 09/01/2014 - "Our results have shown that percutaneous Gigli saw midfoot osteotomy can be performed without neurovascular injury and is capable of successfully correcting complex foot deformities."
4.	Arthrodesis 03/01/2010 - "The aim of the present study was to evaluate the long-term results of pantalar arthrodesis with regard to its impact on the adjacent joints and the walking ability of patients with paralytic foot deformities. " 03/01/2009 - "The aim of the present study was to evaluate the long-term results of pantalar arthrodesis with regard to its impact on the adjacent joints and the walking ability of patients with paralytic foot deformities. " 01/01/2015 - "In patients with a severe form of this foot deformity, treatment involves arthrodesis of the midfoot with bridging of the navicular bone. " 06/01/2012 - "Lateral column lengthening procedures, either an Evans-type procedure or a calcaneocuboid distraction arthrodesis, clearly have a role to play in the management of a pes planovalgus foot deformity, as is evident from clinical outcome studies. " 05/01/2011 - "Performing an arthrodesis is a common technique to treat multiple different foot deformities. "
5.	Orthotic Devices (Orthosis) 05/01/2015 - "Given the current evidence for the prescribing and use of foot orthoses is limited, designed to improve the functionality and prevent the onset of disease and foot deformities, these results highlight the need to prescribe orthotics 10 mm when needed to relieve pressure on the backfoot, not seeing the average pressure increased nor diminished in other areas of the foot." 01/01/2013 - "Foot deformities could be treated with orthopaedic custom-made shoes, orthoses or insoles. " 06/01/2012 - "Dynamic plantar loading index: understanding the benefit of custom foot orthoses for painful pes cavus." 01/01/2011 - "Twenty-six patients (13%) received lower leg orthoses because of foot deformities. " 03/01/2009 - "Flattening of foot arch and improvement of midfoot perceived comfort in pes cavus could be attributed to the reduction of the calcaneal inclination angle in the sagittal plane by using orthoses during standing."