Filariasis

Infections with nematodes of the superfamily FILARIOIDEA. The presence of living worms in the body is mainly asymptomatic but the death of adult worms leads to granulomatous inflammation and permanent fibrosis. Organisms of the genus Elaeophora infect wild elk and domestic sheep causing ischemic necrosis of the brain, blindness, and dermatosis of the face.

Also Known As:

Networked: 1118 relevant articles (80 outcomes, 148 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Infection
2.	Malaria
3.	Onchocerciasis
4.	Schistosomiasis (Bilharziasis)
5.	Dengue (Dengue Fever)

Experts

1.	Hoerauf, Achim: 20 articles (12/2014 - 05/2002)
2.	Weil, Gary J: 15 articles (01/2015 - 08/2002)
3.	Specht, Sabine: 9 articles (12/2014 - 02/2003)
4.	Ravindran, Balachandran: 9 articles (10/2014 - 02/2003)
5.	Hoerauf, A: 9 articles (02/2014 - 04/2000)
6.	Reddy, M V R: 8 articles (10/2015 - 01/2003)
7.	Pfarr, Kenneth: 8 articles (12/2014 - 04/2006)
8.	Noordin, Rahmah: 8 articles (01/2014 - 12/2003)
9.	Hoti, S L: 7 articles (05/2015 - 12/2001)
10.	Mand, Sabine: 7 articles (10/2009 - 11/2003)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Filariasis:

1.	Diethylcarbamazine (Hetrazan)FDA Link 07/01/2009 - "Single dose of diethylcarbamazine (DEC) used in control programs is effective in breaking the transmission of filariasis. " 04/01/1998 - "Improved methods for measurement of the anti-filariasis drug diethylcarbamazine in serum would assist in the design of effective therapy. " 01/01/1998 - "Annual single-dose treatments with diethylcarbamazine citrate (DEC) at a dose of 6 mg/kg have been reported effective in reducing microfilariae (mf) rate and density and applicable to large-scale filariasis control campaigns. " 09/01/1992 - "Other researchers have found that diethylcarbamazine (DEC) is effective treatment for filariasis despite a lack of demonstrated in vitro antifilarial activity. " 01/01/1985 - "The efficacy of annual single-dose treatment with diethylcarbamazine citrate against diurnally subperiodic bancroftian filariasis in Samoa."
2.	Ivermectin (Mectizan)FDA Link 11/01/1996 - "The twice-yearly single dose strategy with ivermectin at 400 micrograms/kg is safe and highly effective for filariasis control in an endemic area." 08/01/1996 - "Ultrasonographic assessment of the adulticidal efficacy of repeat high-dose ivermectin in bancroftian filariasis." 01/01/1992 - "We compared the efficacy of a single dose of ivermectin with that of a standard course of deithylcarbamazine (DEC) for the control of microfilaremia in 60 patients with banrroftian filariasis who had developed recurrent microfilaremia after each of three or more prior treatments with DEC. " 07/01/1995 - "Direct assessment of the adulticidal efficacy of a single dose of ivermectin in bancroftian filariasis." 02/01/1994 - "Efficacy of ivermectin treatment of Loa loa filariasis patients without microfilaraemias."
3.	AntigensIBA 01/01/2015 - "A recent study showed that the new Alere Filariasis Test Strip (FTS) has better analytical sensitivity than the BinaxNOW Filariasis card test (Card Test) for detecting circulating filarial antigen, and the FTS detected more positive results than the Card Test in a field study performed in a highly endemic area in Liberia. " 01/01/1977 - "But the best results were obtained with the sonicated microfilariae of Brugia pahangi, with which it was possible to utilize both cytoplasmic and sheath antigens simultaneously, giving a positivity rate of 95% for filariasis infecions as a group. " 06/01/1986 - "The objectives of this study were to identify filarial antigens which induce enhanced clearance of circulating microfilariae and to establish if human antibody reactivity with these molecules correlates with the apparent parasite burdens of residents of an endemic area of Bancroftian filariasis. " 08/01/1987 - "Negative antigen tests in patients with clinical filariasis may be explained in part by antibody-mediated clearance of circulating antigen. " 01/01/2005 - "This study provides baseline data for further serodiagnosis of Brugian filariasis using dirofilaria antigen."
4.	Albendazole (Albenza)FDA Link 10/01/2009 - "While there is no doubt about the efficacy of albendazole for the treatment of many helminth diseases, as a single agent it could never be recommended for filariasis." 05/01/2001 - "These results suggest that a single dose of albendazole 400 mg together with DEC 6 mg/kg is a safe and effective combination for suppression of microfilaraemia of bancroftian filariasis that could be considered for use in filariasis control programmes based on mass treatment of endemic populations." 11/01/2014 - "The Sri Lankan Anti-Filariasis Campaign conducted 5 rounds of mass drug administration (MDA) with diethycarbamazine plus albendazole between 2002 and 2006. " 01/01/2013 - "We also documented the value of annual DEC/albendazole as a mass de-worming intervention and the importance of continuing some form of STH control after cessation of MDA for filariasis." 10/01/2008 - "We evaluated the impact of two rounds of annual mass drug administration (MDA) of DEC and albendazole on bancroftian filariasis in a pilot elimination programme in an endemic area of Kenya. "
5.	Immunoglobulin G (IgG)IBA 05/01/2001 - "Thus, the IgG4 ELISA would be very useful as a tool in diagnosis and in elimination programmes for brugian filariasis." 09/01/2015 - "Field validation was performed by the detection of antifilarial IgG4 in 4365 serum samples collected from residents of brugian filariasis-endemic areas and compared with outcome colours of the test samples by the naked eye. " 12/01/2014 - "Filariasis asymptomatically infected donors have lower levels of disialylated IgG compared to endemic normals." 05/01/2013 - "Sera from brugian filariasis patients showed weak, positive correlation between the titres of antifilarial IgG4 and the optical densities of anti-Strongyloides IgG4 -ELISA (r = 0.4544, P = 0.0294). " 05/01/2013 - "If filariasis samples were excluded, the specificities of the IgG4 -ELISA and both IgG-ELISAs increased to 100% and 98%, respectively. "
6.	Permethrin (Ambush)FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/2003 - "A topically applied 65% permethrin spot-on (Defend EXspot Treatment for Dogs, Schering-Plough Animal Health) used for flea and tick control on dogs was evaluated for repellency and efficacy against the yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti, a vector of canine filariasis. " 07/01/1988 - "In Yishan County, Guangxi Province, China, where malaria and Brugian filariasis are transmitted by vectors belonging to the Anopheles hyrcanus Pallas group, a study was conducted from June to November 1986 to evaluate the effectiveness of permethrin-impregnated mosquito bednets to reduce man/vector contact. " 03/01/1996 - "Comparative efficacy of house curtains impregnated with permethrin, lambdacyhalothrin or bendiocarb against the vector of bancroftian filariasis, Culex quinquefasciatus, in Matara, Sri Lanka." 09/01/1993 - "Three synthetic pyrethroids were tested for their efficacy against two populations of the filariasis vector Culex quinquefasciatus under laboratory conditions following the WHO procedure, Emulsifiable concentration and technical grade formulations of deltamethrin (2.5% wp), cypermethrin (1.0% EC) and permethrin (25% EC) were employed on the larvae of the said species collected from Mysore and Mandya. "
7.	Immunoglobulins (Immunoglobulin)IBA 09/01/2010 - "Induction of immunoglobulin G4 in human filariasis: an indicator of immunoregulation." 12/01/1978 - "Serum immunoglobulin levels in Indonesians with bancroftian filariasis." 01/01/1979 - "Studies on human filariasis in Malaysia: immunoglobulin and complement levels in persons infected with Brugia malayi and Wuchereria bancrofti." 06/01/1983 - "Immune complexes & immunoglobulins involved in human filariasis." 01/01/1979 - "Levels of immunoglobulins G, A, M and E as well as complement components C3c and C4 have been determined in populations in various endemic areas in Peninsular Malaysia and also in filariasis patients. "
8.	pirimiphos methyl (Aktel)IBA 11/01/2009 - "Information on the duration of efficacy of pirimiphos-methyl (50% emulsifiable concentrate) for the control of immatures of Culex quinquefasciatus, the vector of bancroftian filariasis, is scanty and hence site specific field trials are necessary to determine the field dosage. " 03/01/2004 - "Evaluation of pirimiphos-methyl (50% EC) against the immatures of Anopheles stephensi/An. culicifacies (malaria vectors) and Culex quinquefasciatus (vector of bancroftian filariasis)." 06/01/1991 - "Efficacy of diethylcarbamazine and pirimiphos-methyl residual spraying in controlling brugian filariasis."
9.	AntibodiesIBA 11/07/2005 - "It may now be possible to quantify levels of antibodies in infected and immune hosts to monitor anti-fecundity immunity in filariasis--the assay can thus be used as a powerful tool for drug development and in immunological studies in human and experimental filariasis." 03/01/2004 - "In a transversal study on a sample of 386 children and adolescents from an outpatient clinic for filariasis in Recife, Northeast Brazil, the frequency of anti-Toxocara antibodies and its relation to age, gender, number of peripheral eosinophils, Wuchereria bancrofti microfilariae and intestinal helminths was determined. " 02/01/1991 - "Previous studies of antifilarial antibodies in a pediatric population residing in an area with endemic Wuchereria bancrofti filariasis have demonstrated age related shifts in antifilarial immunity. " 09/01/2011 - "The test detected antibodies in 32 of 36 samples (91%) from people with Brugian filariasis and in 96 of 98 samples (98%) from people with Bancroftian filariasis. " 09/01/2003 - "In addition to the presence of anti-WSP antibodies among Haitians, 15 of 67 (22%) serum samples collected from individuals from North America, where filariasis is not endemic, were also positive for anti-WSP antibodies. "
10.	SilverIBA 11/01/2015 - "Biosynthesis, mosquitocidal and antibacterial properties of Toddalia asiatica-synthesized silver nanoparticles: do they impact predation of guppy Poecilia reticulata against the filariasis mosquito Culex quinquefasciatus?" 06/01/2015 - "Toxicity of seaweed-synthesized silver nanoparticles against the filariasis vector Culex quinquefasciatus and its impact on predation efficiency of the cyclopoid crustacean Mesocyclops longisetus." 11/01/2012 - "In the present investigation, the effect of silver nanoparticles synthesized with Chrysosporium keratinophilum, Verticillium lecanii, and Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. pisi has been evaluated against the adult mosquito of filariasis vector Culex quinquefasciatus. " 11/01/2015 - "The present study provides evidence that synthesized silver nanoparticles of Catharanthus roseus offer potential source for larvicidal activity againstthe larvae of both dengue and filariasis vectors." 02/01/2013 - "The present study was based on assessments of the larvicidal activities to determine the efficacies of synthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using aqueous leaf extract of Vinca rosea (L.) (Apocynaceae) against the larvae of malaria vector Anopheles stephensi Liston and filariasis vector Culex quinquefasciatus Say (Diptera: Culicidae). "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Drug Therapy (Chemotherapy) 09/01/2007 - "The main problem regarding the chemotherapy of filariasis is that no safe and effective drug is available yet to combat the adult human filarial worms. " 03/01/2006 - "The main problem regarding the chemotherapy of filariasis is that no safe and effective drug is available yet to combat the adult human filarial worms. " 07/01/1996 - "Mass DEC chemotherapy for control of bancroftian filariasis: comparative efficacy of four strategies two years after start of treatment." 01/01/1993 - "Experimental chemotherapy of filariasis: comparative evaluation of the efficacy of filaricidal compounds in Mastomys coucha infected with Litomosoides carinii, Acanthocheilonema viteae, Brugia malayi and B. " 01/01/2013 - "The BmGST and WbGST structural information and docking studies could aid in screening new antifilarials or selective inhibitors for chemotherapy against filariasis. "
2.	Aftercare (After-Treatment) 04/01/2009 - "The kinetics of microfilaraemia and antigenaemia status among asymptomatic bancroftian filariasis before and after treatment." 12/01/2001 - "We suggest that these severe inflammatory reactions are associated with the release of endosymbionts into the blood after treatment for filariasis." 01/01/2006 - "The findings from this study suggests that, blood elevated cytokine profile is not the main etiological factor in the inflammatory responses developing after treatment of bancroftian filariasis infections and pathology with DEC. " 03/01/1979 - "Before therapy the number of circulating eosinophils was unrelated to intensity of infection in both groups, but after treatment, when the same relationship was examined in the larger group (the patients with filariasis), the degree of post-treatment eosinophilia was significantly correlated with the patients' worm burdens before treatment (r = 0.727; P less than 0.001). " 07/01/1980 - " Sexually transmitted diseases are responsible for many PID cases worldwide, while in developing countries postpartum and postabortion sepsis and endemic diseases such as filariasis and schistosomiasis may also be implicated. "
3.	Combination Drug Therapy (Combination Chemotherapy) 03/01/2011 - "bancrofti are: (i) a single dose of DEC at 6 mg/kg reduced mean mf density by ca. 90% 1 year after treatment; (ii) the same dose could damage/kill adult worms; (iii) a single dose of ivermectin at ca. 400 µg/kg was more effective than DEC in reducing mf density during the first year and was similarly or less effective in the second year; (iv) ivermectin probably could not kill adult worms; (v) a single combined dose of albendazole (400 mg) and DEC (6 mg/kg) was effective to reduce mf density by 85 to nearly 100% 12-24 months after treatment; and (vi) ivermectin or albendazole included in the combination chemotherapy produced "beyond-filariasis" benefits: clearance/reduction of intestinal helminths, and, additionally, in the case of ivermectin, skin-dwelling ectoparasites.The" 06/01/2002 - "The efficacy of single-dose combination drug therapy with diethylcarbamazine (DEC) plus albendazole (ALB), and single-drug therapy with DEC alone against geohelminths was compared as part of a mass drug administration (MDA) for elimination of filariasis. "
4.	Immunomodulation 01/01/2012 - "As a consequence, the efficacy of a vaccine against filariasis may depend on its capacity to counter parasite-driven immunomodulation. " 04/01/2013 - "In an endemic area for leishmaniosis and filariasis, coinfection can occur and the immunomodulation triggered by Wolbachia infection might influence the clinical signs and progression of both diseases. "
5.	Chemoprevention 12/01/1952 - "Studies on the chemoprophylaxis of experimental filariasis with MSb (Friedheim). " 11/01/1952 - "Studies on the chemoprophylaxis of experimental filariasis with MSb (Friedheim). " 01/22/1949 - "Chemoprophylaxis of experimental filariasis in the cotton-rat."