Fetal Macrosomia

A condition of fetal overgrowth defined as BIRTH WEIGHT greater than 4,000 grams, regardless of gestational age. It is commonly seen in GESTATIONAL DIABETES; PROLONGED PREGNANCY; and pregnancies complicated by pre-existing diabetes mellitus.

Also Known As:

Networked: 337 relevant articles (6 outcomes, 27 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Gestational Diabetes (Gestational Diabetes Mellitus)
2.	Obesity
3.	Shoulder Dystocia
4.	Fetal Weight
5.	Diabetes Mellitus

Experts

1.	Sheiner, Eyal: 7 articles (01/2015 - 05/2004)
2.	Henrich, Wolfgang: 3 articles (06/2021 - 01/2002)
3.	Yogev, Yariv: 3 articles (04/2011 - 01/2003)
4.	Wang, Jing: 3 articles (10/2010 - 04/2009)
5.	Wu, Nan: 3 articles (10/2010 - 04/2009)
6.	Zhang, Fang: 3 articles (10/2010 - 04/2009)
7.	Levy, Amalia: 3 articles (12/2008 - 05/2004)
8.	Mazor, Moshe: 3 articles (12/2008 - 05/2004)
9.	Jiang, Hua: 2 articles (01/2022 - 02/2015)
10.	Saccone, Gabriele: 2 articles (01/2022 - 05/2020)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Fetal Macrosomia:

1.	Insulin (Novolin)FDA Link 06/01/2019 - "On average, the insulin dose increased by 35.30 ± 22.60 unit/day during pregnancy. The cesarean delivery rate was high (65.8%), and fetal macrosomia was the main reason. " 01/01/2018 - "The insulin signaling pathway was suppressed in GDM placenta, but was not closely related to fetal macrosomia, indicated different mechanism in fetal overgrowth in NGT and GDM pregnant women." 01/01/2018 - "ARHGRF11 inhibited the insulin signaling pathway in placenta may participated in fetal macrosomia in NGT pregnant women. " 09/01/2016 - "Insulin use, multiparity, and fetal macrosomia were all associated with GDM recurrence (OR 6.3 [95 % CI 3.9-10.2], OR 1.88 [95 % CI 1.09-3.24] and OR 1.63 [95 % CI 1.25-2.13], respectively). " 08/01/2016 - "It is well known that insulin treatment during pregnancy results in reduction in the rate of macrosomia, fetal/neonatal, and maternal complications. "
2.	Oxytocin (Pitocin)FDA LinkGeneric 04/01/2002 - "To reduce the risk of URD, a delivery plan should include assessment of cesarean history and fetal macrosomia,judicious use of oxytocin, and intrapartum monitoring for nonreassuring fetal status." 01/01/1999 - "A prior tear remained a risk factor after controlling for other variables (epidural analgesia, episiotomy, oxytocin use, operative vaginal delivery, fetal macrosomia). " 04/01/1980 - "During the intrapartum period the incidence of labor augmentation by oxytocin, shoulder dystocia, and cesarean section was significantly greater in fetal macrosomia. " 05/01/2017 - "After multivariate analysis, main risk factors for repeated cesarean section were dystocia in the previous pregnancy (OR 1.744; CI 95% 1.066-2.846), the absence of previous vaginal delivery (OR 2.590; CI 95% 1.066-6.290), suspected fetal macrosomia (OR 2.410; CI 95% 0.959-6.054), and duration of oxytocin induction period (OR 1.005; CI 95% 1.004-1.006). " 04/01/2002 - "Previous cesarean section, oxytocin administration, and fetal macrosomia increase the risk of uterine rupture or dehiscence (URD). "
3.	Inositol (Myoinositol)IBA 04/01/2013 - "A statistically significant reduction of fetal macrosomia in the myo-inositol group was also highlighted together with a significant reduction in mean fetal weight at delivery. "
4.	Glucose (Dextrose)FDA LinkGeneric 02/01/2014 - "The study aimed to determine the factors associated with fetal macrosomia following a positive oral glucose challenge test (OGCT). " 05/01/2010 - "The goal of this study was to assess the correlation between true fetal macrosomia and abnormal oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) in pregnant women at term gestation who had a negative glucose challenge screen (GCT) at 24-28 weeks. " 01/01/1987 - "This study was designed to evaluate the relationship between fetal macrosomia and postnatal growth as well as the glucose homeostasis in young female rats. " 06/01/1985 - "Other studies suggest that maternal plasma substrate disturbances other than glucose may contribute to the development of fetal macrosomia. " 01/01/2022 - "Other outcomes, including neonatal intensive care unit admissions, fetal macrosomia, large for gestational age infants, and 2-hour glucose tolerance tests results after delivery were not substantial between the 2 groups. "
5.	Triglycerides (Triacylglycerol)IBA 11/01/2020 - "Maternal circulating triglycerides mediate the association of prepregnancy BMI with the risk of fetal macrosomia." 11/01/2020 - "Mediation analyses demonstrated that the direct effect of prepregnancy BMI on fetal macrosomia was 0.0085 (95% CI, 0.0003-0.018; P < .05), the indirect effect mediated through maternal serum triglycerides was 0.0016 (95% CI, 0.0007-0.0029; P < .001), and the estimated proportion of mediated effect was 15.7% (P < .05). " 11/01/2020 - "Mediating Effects of Maternal Blood Triglycerides on the Relationship between Prepregnancy Body Mass Index and Fetal Macrosomia." 12/01/2018 - "The role of maternal serum triglycerides (TGs) in the development of fetal macrosomia in different subgroups of body mass index (BMI) has received little attention. " 05/01/2001 - "Maternal fasting serum triglyceride levels in midpregnancy might be an independent predictor of fetal macrosomia in those women."
6.	Blood Glucose (Blood Sugar)IBA 05/10/1991 - "The study suggests that factors other than maternal hyperglycaemia stimulate fetal growth and may explain why fetal macrosomia may occur despite of strict blood glucose regulation." 09/03/2019 - "Those pregnancies were subject to more stringent blood glucose targets than those without signs of fetal macrosomia.Maternal" 01/01/2017 - "To explore the predictive power of measuring the abdominal fetal fat layer (FFL) as a soft tissue marker at 31, 34, and 37 weeks' gestation to improve the detection of fetal macrosomia in pregnant women with GDM, in addition to the biometric values with close monitoring of maternal blood sugar level and BMI changes. " 07/01/2010 - "Thus, maintaining blood glucose concentrations within normal parameters during pregnancy may reduce the incidence of fetal macrosomia. " 08/01/2005 - "The relationship between fetal macrosomia and glycaemic control is complex, and reducing the incidence of macrosomia may be possible only by novel management strategies that address the wide fluctuations in blood glucose over a 24-hour period. "
7.	LipidsIBA 01/01/2022 - "The increased PPARα and FAT/CD36 expression levels may influence the occurrence of fetal macrosomia through regulating placental lipid transport." 11/01/2020 - "To examine whether the association of prepregnancy body mass index (BMI) with fetal macrosomia is mediated through maternal circulating lipid concentrations during pregnancy. " 01/01/2020 - "Fetal macrosomia in a Hispanic/Latinx predominant cohort and altered expressions of genes related to placental lipid transport and metabolism." 01/01/2020 - "The main findings include: (1) there was a higher incidence of GDM and obesity in Hispanic subjects compared with non-Hispanic subjects, but not fetal macrosomia; (2) expressions of most of genes related to placental lipid transport and metabolism were not altered by the presence of GDM, fetal macrosomia, or fetal sex; (3) expression of FABP4 was increased in obese women with GDM and fetal macrosomia, and this occurred in male placentas; (4) expression of LPL was decreased in obese women with GDM despite fetal macrosomia, and this occurred in male placentas; (5) expression of ANGPTL3 was decreased in obese women with GDM and fetal macrosomia, but was not altered when fetal sex was included in the analysis. " 01/01/2020 - "To test this hypothesis, we analyzed the incidence of GDM, fetal macrosomia, and obesity in a large cohort consisting of 17,995 pregnant subjects and majority of subjects being Hispanic/Latinx, and investigated expression of genes related to lipid transport and metabolism in placentas from obese women with or without GDM, and with or without fetal macrosomia. "
8.	Glycated Hemoglobin (Glycosylated Hemoglobin)IBA 05/01/2004 - "To determine whether measuring maternal glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) can improve the accuracy of sonographic estimation of fetal macrosomia. " 01/01/1989 - "There was not any correlation between AFP and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1), a standard parameter of metabolic control, and even no correlation to fetal macrosomia and diabetic fetopathia. " 10/01/2014 - "Glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels were statistically significantly higher in the diabetic women giving birth during and before the week of gestation 36 (p = 0.0087), but there were no differences in HbA1lc levels in regard to fetal macrosomia (p = 0.45) and congenital abnormalities (p = 0.32). " 07/01/1994 - "To determine whether Hb A1C was related to fetal diabetic complications such as polyhydramnois, fetal macrosomia, and fat line detected on ultrasonographic evaluation, 66 diabetic patient, types I, II, and III, were followed longitudinally. " 07/01/1994 - "Relationship of glycosylated hemoglobin, fetal macrosomia, and birthweight macrosomia."
9.	AdiponectinIBA 06/01/2010 - "The purpose of this study was to clarify the relationship of adiponectin and resistin levels in umbilical and maternal serum with fetal macrosomia. " 12/01/2017 - "We concluded that: 1) first trimester BMI with cut-off of 25.5 was significant risk factor for excessive fetal growth; 2) maternal glycemia, as well as adiponectin and soluble E-selectin serum concentration in the first trimester of pregnancy could be predictive of LGA and fetal macrosomia; 3) maternal weight at 11 - 13+6 weeks of pregnancy cut-off 67 kg had high sensitivity and specificity in detecting LGA and fetal macrosomia." 10/01/2011 - "Relationship of adiponectin and resistin levels in umbilical and maternal serum with fetal macrosomia." 06/01/2010 - "However, correlations between adiponectin and resistin levels in umbilical and maternal serum and fetal macrosomia remain poorly understood. " 06/01/2010 - "Relationship of adiponectin and resistin levels in umbilical and maternal serum with fetal macrosomia."
10.	Proteins (Proteins, Gene)FDA Link 08/01/1998 - "Whether the decompensation in protein turnover contributes to the persistent fetal macrosomia, even in rigorously managed GDM, remains speculative." 09/01/2000 - "The high frequency of the ACP1*C allele at northern latitudes, where ACP1*A allele frequencies are elevated, may be a mechanism for limiting fetal and maternal complications associated with fetal macrosomia and adult obesity in populations where protein and calorie intake are relatively high. " 09/18/2019 - "Although we have not identified any potential biomarkers of fetal macrosomia, we have ruled out these particular eight protein candidates." 09/18/2019 - "Screening circulating proteins to identify biomarkers of fetal macrosomia." 01/01/1981 - "Fetal macrosomia in diabetic pregnancy has been shown to accompany increases in the fetal levels of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and proteins in animal model systems. "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Bariatric Surgery 12/01/2008 - "A significant reduction in rates of diabetes mellitus (17.3% vs 11.0; P=0.009), hypertensive disorders (23.6% vs 11.2%; P<0.001), and fetal macrosomia (7.6% vs 3.2%; P=0.004) were noted after bariatric surgery. " 03/01/2013 - "Pregnancy after bariatric surgery appears to be safe and is effective in reducing complications such as gestational diabetes mellitus, gestational hypertensive disorders and fetal macrosomia, but may result in an increase in neonates born small-for-gestational-age." 01/01/2015 - "Pregnancy after bariatric surgery appears to effectively reduce the risk of complications such as fetal macrosomia, gestational diabetes mellitus, and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy; however, women who become pregnant after bariatric surgery may constitute a unique obstetric population with an increased risk for preterm and small-for-gestational-age infants. " 02/01/2014 - "Women following bariatric surgery have lower risk for gestational diabetes mellitus and fetal macrosomia as compared with obese parturients. " 12/01/2008 - "A decrease in maternal complications, such as diabetes mellitus and hypertensive disorders, as well as a decrease in the rate of fetal macrosomia is achieved following bariatric surgery."
2.	Therapeutics 01/01/2003 - "Maternal weight, glycemia after therapy, rates of fetal macrosomia, and LGA were not significantly different between GDM and IGT; thus, both groups were analyzed together. " 01/01/2002 - "In obese women the high fetal macrosomia rate did not appear be normalized by therapy based on maternal euglycemia." 01/01/2002 - "The aim of our study was 1.) to compare maternal glycemic values with the presence of fetal macrosomia at different gestational ages (GA) and with LGA at birth in a cohort of women with glucose intolerance and standard diabetic therapy. " 01/01/2003 - "Targeting fetal macrosomia as the greatest morbidity, treatment strategies for this pregnancy-induced disease of insulin resistance have largely been modeled from therapies proven successful in pregnant women with type 2 diabetes mellitus. " 03/01/1991 - "This study was undertaken to determine if intensive dietary therapy, home blood glucose monitoring, and the selective use of insulin can be effective in preventing fetal macrosomia. "
3.	Cesarean Section (Caesarean Section) 12/01/2023 - "The rates of GDM, fetal macrosomia, and cesarean section were higher in the PCOS group, depending on the phenotype. " 09/01/2023 - "Count data such as rate of cesarean section and incidence rate of fetal macrosomia were analyzed with the chi-square test or Fisher's exact test, and the General Self-efficacy Scale scores were analyzed by repeated measures ANOVA. " 01/01/2023 - "She had one previous cesarean section four years ago with an indication of fetal macrosomia. " 09/01/2022 - "Candidate predictors included maternal age, maternal body mass index, parity, previous caesarean section, assisted fertility, gestational age, fetal macrosomia, mode of delivery and history of PPH. " 08/11/2021 - "Fetal macrosomia and declining respiratory function result in high rates of caesarean sections. "
4.	Diet Therapy (Therapy, Diet) 06/01/2016 - "In addition to PP1 and PP2, neither FPG nor HbA1c were able to predict perinatal complications or fetal macrosomia when controlled for confounding factors except for a positive correlation between fetal macrosomia and HbA1c in patients on diet therapy. " 01/01/2016 - "In pregnant women with obesity, dietary modification might reduce fetal macrosomia but in these patients, low compliance and no significant reduction in the incidence of GDM has been observed in trials investigating physical activity. "
5.	Glycemic Control 01/01/1986 - "This study of 74 diabetic pregnant women shows that tight maternal blood glucose control before the 32nd week of gestation significantly reduces the incidence of fetal macrosomia (11%) when compared with that of patients with fair to poor control before the 32nd week of gestation (44%, P less than .05) or with those whose good diabetic control was not achieved until after the 32nd week of gestation (34%, P less than .05). " 10/01/2023 - "Primary factors cited for early birth were poor glycemic control (71.4%), recommendation by a maternal-fetal medicine specialist (38.7%), and suspected fetal macrosomia (27.9%). " 08/01/2018 - "Despite adequate glycemic control, the risks of fetal macrosomia and perinatal complications are increased in diabetic pregnancies. " 01/01/2015 - "Moreover, fetal macrosomia insidiously occurs even with excellent glycemic control. " 05/01/2011 - "The present increase in fetal macrosomia may be related to better early glycemic control and placentation."