Feminization

Development of female secondary SEX CHARACTERISTICS in the MALE. It is due to the effects of estrogenic metabolites of precursors from endogenous or exogenous sources, such as ADRENAL GLANDS or therapeutic drugs.

Also Known As:

Networked: 759 relevant articles (11 outcomes, 49 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Neoplasms (Cancer)
2.	Residual Neoplasm
3.	Virilism (Virilization)
4.	Hyperplasia
5.	Atrophy

Experts

1.	Morrison, Shane D: 11 articles (01/2022 - 06/2016)
2.	Tyler, Charles R: 7 articles (03/2011 - 12/2002)
3.	Capitán, Luis: 6 articles (02/2022 - 10/2014)
4.	Simon, Daniel: 6 articles (02/2022 - 10/2014)
5.	T'Sjoen, Guy: 6 articles (02/2022 - 05/2014)
6.	Kloas, Werner: 6 articles (05/2015 - 12/2002)
7.	Li, Zhengyan: 6 articles (06/2014 - 10/2007)
8.	Satterwhite, Thomas: 5 articles (01/2022 - 06/2016)
9.	Iguchi, Taisen: 5 articles (01/2021 - 02/2009)
10.	Deschamps-Braly, Jordan C: 5 articles (09/2020 - 07/2018)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Feminization:

1.	Estrogens (Estrogen)FDA Link 08/01/1982 - "Estrogen implanted in the paraventricular region of male rats was less effective in causing such a feminization. " 01/21/2021 - "The present study aimed to identify ER target genes involved in estrogen-caused gonadal feminization in Xenopus laevis. " 09/01/2020 - "This study for the first time uncovered some of the early molecular and cellular events by which estrogen disrupts testicular differentiation and causes feminization in X. laevis. " 10/01/2017 - "These results indicated for the first time that based on the expression of female-specific sex genes, feminization of Sertoli cells precedes testis-ova differentiation induced by estrogen in mature testes in medaka; however, complete feminization of Sertoli cells was not induced in this study. " 11/01/2012 - "Several studies have shown that exposure of amphibians, including the African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis), to potent estrogens at critical times during development results in feminization and/or demasculinization. "
2.	Testosterone (Sustanon)FDA Link 03/01/1992 - "Despite similar degrees of feminization in all 40 individuals in whom hormonal studies were performed, variable suppression of serum testosterone concentrations was present. " 11/01/2019 - "In our cohort of transwomen, we found minimal side effects, unchanged E levels, and a decline in testosterone associated with MPA, outcomes consistent with feminization. " 10/01/2007 - "Presumably testosterone exerts its protective effect on the male sexual behavior by prevention of neurochemical feminization of the brain preoptic area and, perhaps, due to some other mechanisms." 02/10/2004 - "Testicular testosterone produced during a critical perinatal period is thought to masculinize and defeminize the male brain from the inherent feminization program and induce male-typical behaviors in the adult. " 03/01/2003 - "In this way, testosterone induces masculinization of females in some species but provokes paradoxical feminization of males in many other species such as the urodelan Pleurodeles waltl. "
3.	Gonadal Steroid Hormones (Sex Hormones)IBA 04/01/2023 - "The use of cross-sex hormones such as oestrogen is becoming increasingly more utilized in this transition helping in feminization but also secondary breast development. " 07/01/2021 - "Thus, these results demonstrate that 2,4-DCP induces feminization in fish by disrupting the synthesis of sex hormones." 01/01/2021 - "Here, we overview reports describing the physiological functions of sex hormones regulating masculinization and feminization, and gene discovery by transcriptomics in decapod species. " 01/01/1991 - "Recently identified alterations of hepatic sex hormone receptor levels have provided a hypothetical mechanism for the pathogenesis of the feminization seen in cirrhotic men. " 01/01/1977 - "Largely as a result of advances in the techniques of measurement of sex hormones, it has become possible to begin to examine the pathogenesis of feminization. "
4.	AtrazineIBA 04/01/2005 - "Other studies have also cast doubt on the feminization theory, except perhaps at very high levels of atrazine. " 01/01/2018 - "Our data suggest that cricket frog sex ratios are sensitive to environmentally relevant concentrations of atrazine and that feminization in the field is likely. " 10/01/2011 - "Atrazine demasculinizes male gonads producing testicular lesions associated with reduced germ cell numbers in teleost fish, amphibians, reptiles, and mammals, and induces partial and/or complete feminization in fish, amphibians, and reptiles. " 10/01/2011 - "Demasculinization and feminization of male gonads by atrazine: consistent effects across vertebrate classes." 07/01/2006 - "However, no evidence is presented that atrazine induces feminization of the testis in male quail."
5.	Growth Hormone (Somatotropin)IBA 01/01/2019 - "Feminization imprinted by developmental growth hormone." 09/01/2009 - "The impulsive and close to continuous secretion character of growth hormone in male and female individuals may have effects on masculinization or feminization processes, accordingly. " 01/01/1992 - "Treatment with growth hormone resulted in improvement in growth velocity and replacement with estrogen in feminization. " 01/01/2019 - "The resulting feminization of male and masculinization of female germ-free animals is likely caused by altered sexual development and growth hormone secretion, associated with differential activation of xenobiotic receptors. " 01/01/2018 - "For a large number of factors examined in the compendium, we found consistent relationships between activation of Nrf2 and feminization of the liver transcriptome through suppression of the male-specific growth hormone (GH)-regulated transcription factor STAT5b. "
6.	ProgesteroneFDA LinkGeneric 08/01/2007 - "Although the precise role of progesterone in mediating the behavioral changes noted during infection is not fully understood, our data implicate a role for PR signaling in the feminization process. " 01/01/2019 - "Progesterone may add the following: (i) more rapid feminization, (ii) decreased endogenous testosterone production, (iii) optimal breast maturation to Tanner stages 4/5, (iv) increased bone formation, (v) improved sleep and vasomotor symptom control, and (vi) cardiovascular health benefits. "
7.	Phospholipids (Phosphatides)FDA LinkGeneric 10/02/1997 - "Hepatic microsomal membrane lipidic composition and growth hormone effect in adult male rat: evidence for a 'feminization' process of total phospholipid fatty acid pattern." 06/01/1987 - "Gonadectomy resulted in a "feminization" of plasma phospholipids (total concentration and fatty acids in lecithin) in male rats but had no effect in females. " 06/01/1987 - "Testosterone treatment of gonadectomized males or intact females resulted in a "masculinization" of plasma phospholipids, whereas estrogen treatment of intact males resulted in a "feminization." Hypophysectomy resulted in a marked decrease in plasma phospholipid concentration and the fatty acid composition of lecithin showed a "masculine" pattern in both males and females. "
8.	Fatty Acids (Saturated Fatty Acids)IBA 10/02/1997 - "High GH dosage produces essentially a 'feminization' process of the fatty acid composition of the hepatic microsomal membrane in male rats when compared to that of females." 10/02/1997 - "Hepatic microsomal membrane lipidic composition and growth hormone effect in adult male rat: evidence for a 'feminization' process of total phospholipid fatty acid pattern." 06/01/1987 - "Gonadectomy resulted in a "feminization" of plasma phospholipids (total concentration and fatty acids in lecithin) in male rats but had no effect in females. " 06/01/1987 - "Testosterone treatment of gonadectomized males or intact females resulted in a "masculinization" of plasma phospholipids, whereas estrogen treatment of intact males resulted in a "feminization." Hypophysectomy resulted in a marked decrease in plasma phospholipid concentration and the fatty acid composition of lecithin showed a "masculine" pattern in both males and females. "
9.	LecithinsIBA 06/01/1987 - "Gonadectomy resulted in a "feminization" of plasma phospholipids (total concentration and fatty acids in lecithin) in male rats but had no effect in females. " 06/01/1987 - "Testosterone treatment of gonadectomized males or intact females resulted in a "masculinization" of plasma phospholipids, whereas estrogen treatment of intact males resulted in a "feminization." Hypophysectomy resulted in a marked decrease in plasma phospholipid concentration and the fatty acid composition of lecithin showed a "masculine" pattern in both males and females. "
10.	Midazolam (Versed)FDA LinkGeneric 06/01/2016 - "Although the prevalence of these procedures is difficult to quantify, because of the rising prevalence of transgenderism (approximately one in 14,000 men) along with improved insurance coverage for gender-confirming surgery, surgeons versed in techniques, outcomes, and challenges of facial feminization surgery are needed. "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Therapeutics 01/01/2020 - "Recent systematic reviews and meta-analysis studies have reported positive outcomes for both the voice therapy and voice feminization surgery. " 03/01/2014 - "Intonation is commonly addressed in voice and communication feminization therapy, yet empirical evidence of gender differences for intonation is scarce and rarely do studies examine how it relates to gender perception of transgender speakers. " 03/01/2023 - "Patients with severe androphonia that significantly affect their QOL and show no improvement after the management of the underlying pathology and intense vocal therapy are candidates for voice feminization surgeries. " 01/01/2023 - "For 20% of patients seeking voice feminization, voice therapy is not completely satisfactory, and surgery should be considered, with endoscopic glottoplasty being the current practice. " 09/23/2021 - "Trans Woman Voice Questionnaire Scores Highlight Specific Benefits of Adjunctive Glottoplasty With Voice Therapy in Treating Voice Feminization."
2.	Sex Reassignment Surgery 05/01/2021 - "Despite improved insurance coverage for gender confirmation surgeries in the United States, coverage for facial feminization surgery (FFS) continues to be difficult. " 01/01/2022 - "A comprehensive literature search of the PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane databases was conducted for studies published through June 2020 using following the search terms: "Face" OR "facial" OR "craniofacial" AND "Feminization" OR "Feminization Surgery" OR "Gender Reassignment" OR "Gender Affirming Surgery" OR "Gender Confirmation Surgery." Data on procedures, outcomes, patient age, follow-up time, complications, and patient satisfaction were collected. " 11/01/2023 - "Eye feminization is indicated for transwomen during facial gender affirming surgery, and also for aging women. " 10/01/2023 - "Facial feminization surgery (FFS) is often the first procedure requested by patients wishing to undergo gender-affirming surgery. " 08/01/2023 - "Insurance coverage of gender-affirming surgeries including facial and vocal feminization surgery remains a challenge for many patients, physicians, and practice administrators. "
3.	Osteotomy 03/01/2020 - "While virtual surgical planning has allowed for improved accuracy and ease in osteotomies and recontouring procedures in facial feminization, ultimately, a subjective decision-making process is still required. " 05/01/2019 - "Between November 2016 and August 2017, five patients agreed to the mandibular feminization osteotomy and were followed up thereafter for 6-13 months. " 05/01/2019 - "Mandibular feminization osteotomy-preliminary results." 01/01/2017 - "To alter the midfacial relations, segmentalized osteotomies were performed in selected patients expanding on the established techniques for facial feminization surgery. " 01/01/2017 - "Midface Osteotomies for Feminization of the Facial Skeleton."
4.	Hypophysectomy 07/01/1986 - "However, one activity did not conform to this pattern: cytoplasmic 17 beta-HSDH activity reacted to hypophysectomy with a "feminization" and was completely unaffected by hGH infusion. " 06/01/1987 - "Testosterone treatment of gonadectomized males or intact females resulted in a "masculinization" of plasma phospholipids, whereas estrogen treatment of intact males resulted in a "feminization." Hypophysectomy resulted in a marked decrease in plasma phospholipid concentration and the fatty acid composition of lecithin showed a "masculine" pattern in both males and females. "
5.	Rhinoplasty 05/01/2017 - "Case series study of feminization rhinoplasties, in combination with lip-lift techniques, forehead reconstruction, and other procedures, were performed at a private practice between January 11, 2010, and May 29, 2015, in 200 consecutive male-to-female transgender patients. " 10/01/2023 - "Many desired at least 1 facial feminization surgery procedure (65%), especially mandible reduction (want = 42%, had = 3%), rhinoplasty (want = 41%, had = 1%), and forehead reduction (want = 37%, had = 4%). " 08/01/2023 - "Finally, complications of feminization rhinoplasty are identified and methods to prevent and treat such complications are enumerated." 08/01/2023 - "The authors provide insight into assessment and counseling of this unique patient population, timing of surgery, functional nasal considerations, and performing rhinoplasty in the context of other facial feminization procedures. " 08/01/2023 - "A variety of techniques for feminization rhinoplasty are discussed in detail. "