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Exfoliatins

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Protein exotoxins from Staphylococcus aureus, phage type II, which cause epidermal necrolysis. They are proteins with a molecular weight of 26,000 to 32,000. They cause a condition variously called scaled skin, Lyell or Ritter syndrome, epidermal exfoliative disease, toxic epidermal necrolysis, etc.

Also Known As:

Exfoliatin Toxin A; Exfoliative Toxin B; Staphylococcal Exfoliative Toxin; A, Exfoliatin Toxin; B, Exfoliative Toxin; Exfoliative Toxin, Staphylococcal; Toxin A, Exfoliatin; Toxin B, Exfoliative; Toxin, Staphylococcal Exfoliative; Toxins, Epidermolytic; Toxins, Exfoliative; Dermolysins; Epidermolysins; Epidermolytic Toxins; Exfoliative Toxins

Networked: 104 relevant articles (2 outcomes, 2 trials/studies)

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Bio-Agent Context: Research Results

Experts

1.	Amagai, Masayuki: 8 articles (03/2012 - 05/2002)
2.	Nishifuji, Koji: 8 articles (08/2011 - 05/2002)
3.	Sugai, Motoyuki: 6 articles (08/2011 - 05/2002)
4.	Etienne, Jerome: 4 articles (07/2013 - 04/2005)
5.	Iwasaki, Toshiroh: 4 articles (08/2011 - 10/2005)
6.	Yamaguchi, Takayuki: 4 articles (11/2005 - 05/2002)
7.	Xia, Xiaodong: 3 articles (01/2015 - 02/2012)
8.	Wang, Xin: 3 articles (01/2015 - 02/2012)
9.	Meng, Jianghong: 3 articles (01/2015 - 02/2012)
10.	Vandenesch, François: 3 articles (07/2013 - 04/2005)

Related Diseases

1.	Staphylococcal Scalded Skin Syndrome (Ritter's Disease) 01/01/2003 - "Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome usually occurs in young children probably because of inefficient clearance of the epidermolytic toxins from the bloodstream, which causes dysfunction of cell adhesion in the superficial epidermis. " 09/30/2012 - "The staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome is an acute exfoliation of the skin caused by exfoliative toxins A and B. " 03/01/2010 - "We discuss the recent developments in understanding the underlying mechanism of exfoliative toxins causing staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome, review current treatment guidelines, and outline the need for new therapeutic options." 03/01/2010 - "To understand the underlying mechanism of exfoliative toxins causing staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome or Ritter's Disease that predominantly affects newborns and infants, although it is sometimes found in adults. " 01/01/2009 - "Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome is an extensive desquamative erythematous condition caused by exfoliative toxins of Staphylococcus aureus. "
2.	Blister (Bulla) 11/01/2004 - "In addition, Dsg4 was not cleaved by exfoliative toxins that induce blisters in SSSS. " 01/01/2004 - "In bullous impetigo, exfoliative toxins produced by Staphylococcus aureus are accepted as the basis for the bulla formation just below the stratum granulosum. " 09/01/2010 - "Removal of amino-terminal extracellular domains of desmoglein 1 by staphylococcal exfoliative toxin is sufficient to initiate epidermal blister formation." 01/01/2010 - "Collectively, our data support the role for Dsg2 in cell adhesion and suggest that ectopic superficial expression of Dsg2 can increase membrane preservation of Dsg1 and limit epidermal blister formation mediated by PF antibodies and exfoliative toxins." 11/01/2005 - "These findings strongly suggest that Exhs cause blister formation of porcine skin by digesting porcine desmoglein 1 in a similar fashion to exfoliative toxins from S. "
3.	Pemphigus (Pemphigus Vulgaris) 04/01/2003 - "While different observations suggested a proteolytic action to these toxins, the histological parallel made with pemphigus foliaceus greatly helped in the characterization of the targets for epidermolysins ETA, ETB, ETD: desmoglein-1, a desmosome-constitutive protein, and incidentally melanocyte-stimulating hormones, which accounts for the blisters observed clinically. " 01/01/2010 - "Superficial dsg2 expression limits epidermal blister formation mediated by pemphigus foliaceus antibodies and exfoliative toxins." 03/01/2012 - "The clinical and histological similarities of staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome or bullous impetigo and pemphigus foliaceus led us to identify desmoglein 1 as the proteolytic target of staphylococcal exfoliative toxins. "
4.	Mastitis 10/01/1998 - "Although Staphylococcus aureus constituted 37.5% of mastitis isolates, these isolates lacked genes for staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs), toxic shock syndrome toxin, and exfoliative toxins. " 02/01/2012 - "The presence of genes for enterotoxins (sea-sej), toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (tst), the exfoliative toxins (eta, etb), Panton-Valentine leukocidin (pvl) and mecA of CNS species isolated from cows and ewes with subclinical mastitis was investigated in this study. "
5.	Exanthema (Rash) 07/01/2013 - "Our study aimed to distinguish between the clinical characteristics of the rash associated with exfoliatins and the rash associated with superantigens. "

Related Drugs and Biologics

1.	Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormones (MSH)
2.	Enterotoxins
3.	Panton-Valentine leukocidin
4.	5'-N-methylcarboxamideadenosine
5.	Staphylococcal enterotoxin F
6.	Superantigens
7.	Desmoglein 1
8.	Virulence Factors (Pathogenicity Factors)
9.	Proteins (Proteins, Gene)
10.	Leukocidins (Leukocidin)

Related Therapies and Procedures

1.	Catheters