Erythema Multiforme

A skin and mucous membrane disease characterized by an eruption of macules, papules, nodules, vesicles, and/or bullae with characteristic "bull's-eye" lesions usually occurring on the dorsal aspect of the hands and forearms.

Networked: 1007 relevant articles (22 outcomes, 26 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Pemphigus (Pemphigus Vulgaris)
2.	Bullous Pemphigoid (Pemphigoid)
3.	Herpes Simplex
4.	Lichen Planus (Lichen Ruber Planus)
5.	Disease Progression

Experts

1.	Caproni, M: 6 articles (05/2008 - 02/2006)
2.	Fabbri, P: 6 articles (05/2008 - 02/2006)
3.	Parodi, A: 6 articles (05/2008 - 02/2006)
4.	Quaglino, P: 6 articles (05/2008 - 02/2006)
5.	Aurelian, Laure: 5 articles (01/2014 - 06/2005)
6.	De Simone, C: 5 articles (05/2008 - 02/2006)
7.	Frezzolini, A: 5 articles (05/2008 - 02/2006)
8.	Marzano, A: 5 articles (05/2008 - 02/2006)
9.	Schena, D: 5 articles (05/2008 - 02/2006)
10.	Parodi, Aurora: 4 articles (01/2022 - 01/2007)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Erythema Multiforme:

1.	Thalidomide (Thalomid)FDA Link 01/01/1990 - "We report a case of a 23-year-old woman who was afflicted with disseminated skin erythema multiforme-like eruptions that started at the menarche, relapsed at the premenstrual periods, dramatically spread during two pregnancies and cleared after abortion; the skin lesions responded dramatically to thalidomide treatment. " 01/01/1996 - "The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of thalidomide in the treatment of chronic erythema multiforme unresponsive to usual treatments. " 12/01/2021 - "Evaluation of Thalidomide Treatment of Patients With Chronic Erythema Multiforme: A Multicenter Retrospective Cohort Study." 01/01/2008 - "We report a 15-year-old boy who developed persistent erythema multiforme for 6 months and responded to treatment with thalidomide." 01/01/2008 - "Persistent erythema multiforme treated with thalidomide."
2.	Acyclovir (Aciclovir)FDA LinkGeneric 02/01/1995 - "Twenty patients who suffered from more than four attacks of erythema multiforme (EM) per year were enrolled in a 6-month double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of acyclovir 400 mg twice daily. " 01/01/2021 - "We report a case of recurrent herpes-associated erythema multiforme managed with prophylactic acyclovir for 6 months: a 17-year-old boy had recurrent cutaneous lesions as well as lesions in the oral cavity and lips. " 02/01/2018 - "In patients with recurrent herpes simplex virus-associated erythema multiforme, the topical prophylactic treatment with acyclovir does not seem to prevent further episodes of erythema multiforme. " 10/01/2009 - "We report a case of recurrent herpes-associated erythema multiforme managed with prophylactic acyclovir. " 01/01/1991 - "Very low dose acyclovir can be effective as prophylaxis for post-herpetic erythema multiforme."
3.	SteroidsIBA 11/01/2005 - "Use of steroids for erythema multiforme major is debatable because no randomized studies clearly indicate which children will benefit from this treatment." 06/01/2013 - "Erythema multiforme in children: the steroid debate." 11/01/2010 - "Corneal lesions in erythema multiforme minor--are systemic steroids indicated?" 09/01/2008 - "Bet 2. Steroids in children with erythema multiforme." 11/01/2005 - "Use of steroids for erythema multiforme in children."
4.	Prednisolone (Predate)FDA LinkGeneric 03/01/2023 - "Erratum to <Successful Treatment With Prednisolone and Mycophenolate Mofetil in a Dog With Recurrent Erythema Multiforme Minor> Topics in Companion Animal Medicine, 52C (2022)100755." 01/01/2023 - "Successful Treatment With Prednisolone and Mycophenolate Mofetil in a Dog With Recurrent Erythema Multiforme Minor." 10/01/2019 - "However, after 2 weeks, the patient experienced regorafenib-induced serious erythema multiforme; thus, regorafenib was discontinued and oral prednisolone was started. " 05/01/2005 - "Treating the polymorphic light eruption with prophylactic PUVA and/or oral prednisolone or cyclosporin prevented the development of erythema multiforme, suggesting that the two events are related. " 01/01/2017 - "After completing the treatment program based on colchicine and prednisolone, the patient was relieved from pain and has not suffered from any further periodic eruptions of erythema multiforme."
5.	Valacyclovir (Valtrex)FDA LinkGeneric 03/01/2007 - "Valacyclovir 500 mg twice a day is also effective in suppressing erythema multiforme triggered by HSV. " 01/01/2015 - "Long-term valacyclovir treatment and immune modulation for Herpes-associated erythema multiforme." 08/01/2016 - "Efficacy of interferon in recurrent valaciclovir-refractory erythema multiforme in a patient not infected with hepatitis C virus." 07/01/2009 - "Herpes virus-associated erythema multiforme following valacyclovir and systemic corticosteroid treatment." 07/01/1998 - "Recurrent erythema multiforme unresponsive to acyclovir prophylaxis and responsive to valacyclovir continuous therapy."
6.	Levamisole (Decaris)FDA Link 01/01/1982 - "Levamisole in the treatment of erythema multiforme: a double-blind trial in fourteen patients." 10/01/2018 - "The effect of levamisole in the treatment of recalcitrant recurrent erythema multiforme major: An observational study." 12/01/1993 - "Levamisole in erythema multiforme." 09/01/1992 - "Clinical response to levamisole in thirty-nine patients with erythema multiforme. " 09/01/1986 - "[Evaluation of cellular response in patients with erythema multiforme treated with Decaris]."
7.	InterferonsIBA 08/01/2010 - "Given the role of interferon (IFN)-gamma in erythema multiforme, we sought to examine the impact of IFN-gamma on ATF3 expression in human keratinocytes. " 08/01/2016 - "Efficacy of interferon in recurrent valaciclovir-refractory erythema multiforme in a patient not infected with hepatitis C virus." 01/01/2014 - "The aim of this study was to evaluate levels of interleukin (IL)-2, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-17A and interferon γ (IFN-γ) in the serum of patients with erythema multiforme (EM) and to search for the presence of IL-17-expressing cells in lesional samples of EM. "
8.	Gentian Violet (Violet, Crystal)FDA Link 01/01/2017 - "While further studies are needed, this case demonstrates the antiangiogenic properties and clinical utility of topical gentian violet in the treatment of erythema multiforme." 01/01/2017 - "Here, we present a case of erythema multiforme successfully treated with topical gentian violet. " 01/01/2017 - "Treatment of extensive erythema multiforme with topical gentian violet." 01/01/2017 - "Our patient responded well to treatment with topical gentian violet with stabilization and resolution of the lesions without using systemic therapy that may pose serious side effects in the setting of other comorbidities such as diabetes mellitus type I. This case highlights the variable therapeutic options available for treatment of erythema multiforme, including topical gentian violet. "
9.	VaccinesIBA 11/01/2022 - "Sever erythema multiforme post-COVID-19 moderna vaccine: Case report and literature review." 01/01/2022 - "The causal role of the vaccine for the erythema multiforme has not been proven yet; nevertheless, it is not uncommon for medications to trigger this disease. " 01/01/2022 - "Only one patient required hospitalization for generalized bullous erythema multiforme, which occurred 48 h after the second vaccine dose. " 11/01/2016 - "More recently, postvaccination erythema multiforme has been reported with the majority of vaccines used in pediatric practice. " 01/01/2011 - "Erythema multiforme secondary to H1N1 vaccine."
10.	Prednisone (Sone)FDA LinkGeneric 12/01/1980 - "Erythema multiforme was controlled by high doses of prednisone. " 01/01/1999 - "Significantly more children with SSLR than with erythema multiforme or urticaria were treated with prednisone, either alone or in combination (P<0.05). " 03/01/1983 - "Following the primary orf infection, erythema multiforme developed and was controlled with prednisone. " 02/01/2008 - "It is used in dermatology for the treatment of plane warts, erythema multiforme, aphtous ulcers and, with prednisone, in lichen planus. " 06/01/1996 - "To report a case of erythema multiforme (EM) major treated with cyclophosphamide and prednisone. "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Therapeutics 03/01/1989 - "The controversy over the potential efficacy of such therapy for erythema multiforme persists, however." 01/01/2019 - "So far, severe type of erythema multiforme in GVHD patients after DLI with IFN-a injection is firstly reported here, together with a new alternative therapy." 07/01/2017 - "Two patients withdrew from the therapy due to the development of erythema multiforme and a strong drowsiness, respectively. " 01/01/2017 - "Topical and systemic therapies for erythema multiforme have been widely described in the literature. " 04/01/2012 - "After 19 days of addition of CBZ to the therapy, the patient developed erythema multiforme major with >60% skin involvement and oral, conjunctival, intestinal, and vaginal mucosal involvement."
2.	Percutaneous Collagen Induction 10/01/2009 - "He's Santong needling methods can increase the cured rate and reduce the recurrence rate of cold erythema multiforme in ham." 10/01/2009 - "[Observation on therapeutic effect of He's Santong needling methods on cold erythema multiforme]."
3.	Drug Therapy (Chemotherapy) 12/01/1999 - "In dogs, erythema multiforme occurred more frequently in patients receiving drug therapy. " 10/01/1979 - "Death occurred due to severe erythema multiforme, which was indirectly related to a complication of the chemotherapy." 01/01/1990 - "We carried out a study to estimate the incidence of erythema multiforme (EM), Stevens Johnson syndrome (SJS), and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) requiring hospitalization and to determine which drug therapies were associated with these reactions. " 01/01/2000 - "Drug therapies and viral or bacterial infections probably induce symptoms in patients susceptible to erythema multiforme or severe versus Stevens-Johnson Syndrome. " 01/01/2006 - "Chemotherapy-related cutaneous toxicity includes generalized rashes such as the spectrum between erythema multiforme and toxic epidermal necrolysis, and site-specific toxicity such as mucositis, alopecia, nail changes, extravasation reactions, or hand-foot syndrome. "
4.	Immunotherapy 11/01/2001 - "To our knowledge, there are no papers in the literature reporting erythema multiforme due to specific immunotherapy." 11/01/2001 - "Here we present a 25-year-old female patient admitted with a complaint of blistering lesions on her face, neck, chest and extremities appearing after the first dosis of specific immunotherapy and diagnosed as erythema multiforme. " 05/01/1979 - "Erythema multiforme occurred in a 31-year-old woman as a complication of BCG immunotherapy administered by scarification for a Clark's level IV malignant melanoma. " 01/01/2014 - "Study the features of cytokine profile in patients with exudative erythema multiforme (EME) and dynamics of basal level of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines during immunotherapy. " 01/01/2014 - "[Features of dynamics of sera cytokines in patients with erythema multiforme during immunotherapy]."
5.	Radiotherapy 10/01/2023 - "Erythema multiforme provoked by radiotherapy." 11/01/2021 - "Radiotherapy is a rarely reported trigger of erythema multiforme. " 08/01/1996 - "Generalized cutaneous reactions in association with radiotherapy have in the past been grouped into erythema multiforme (EM) and erythema multiforme-like reactions, the latter being reactions that do not strictly fit the accepted clinical and/or histological criteria for EM, yet have similar findings or presentations. " 08/01/1996 - "Erythema multiforme-like reaction associated with radiotherapy." 01/01/1992 - "Eruptions resembling erythema multiforme associated with radiotherapy are rare. "