Erythema Multiforme

A skin and mucous membrane disease characterized by an eruption of macules, papules, nodules, vesicles, and/or bullae with characteristic "bull's-eye" lesions usually occurring on the dorsal aspect of the hands and forearms.

Networked: 717 relevant articles (9 outcomes, 20 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Pemphigus (Pemphigus Vulgaris)
2.	Infection
3.	Lichen Planus (Lichen Ruber Planus)
4.	Herpes Simplex
5.	Bullous Pemphigoid (Pemphigoid)

Experts

1.	Aurelian, Laure: 5 articles (01/2014 - 06/2005)
2.	Schena, D: 5 articles (05/2008 - 02/2006)
3.	Caproni, M: 5 articles (05/2008 - 02/2006)
4.	Parodi, A: 5 articles (05/2008 - 02/2006)
5.	Marzano, A: 5 articles (05/2008 - 02/2006)
6.	Fabbri, P: 5 articles (05/2008 - 02/2006)
7.	De Simone, C: 5 articles (05/2008 - 02/2006)
8.	Quaglino, P: 5 articles (05/2008 - 02/2006)
9.	Torchia, D: 4 articles (05/2008 - 02/2006)
10.	Volpi, W: 4 articles (05/2008 - 02/2006)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Erythema Multiforme:

1.	Acyclovir (Aciclovir)FDA LinkGeneric 02/01/1995 - "Twenty patients who suffered from more than four attacks of erythema multiforme (EM) per year were enrolled in a 6-month double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of acyclovir 400 mg twice daily. " 02/01/1995 - "A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of continuous acyclovir therapy in recurrent erythema multiforme." 10/01/2009 - "We report a case of recurrent herpes-associated erythema multiforme managed with prophylactic acyclovir. " 01/01/1991 - "Very low dose acyclovir can be effective as prophylaxis for post-herpetic erythema multiforme." 09/01/1988 - "Therapy and prevention of erythema multiforme with acyclovir."
2.	Thalidomide (Thalomid)FDA Link 01/01/1990 - "We report a case of a 23-year-old woman who was afflicted with disseminated skin erythema multiforme-like eruptions that started at the menarche, relapsed at the premenstrual periods, dramatically spread during two pregnancies and cleared after abortion; the skin lesions responded dramatically to thalidomide treatment. " 01/01/1996 - "The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of thalidomide in the treatment of chronic erythema multiforme unresponsive to usual treatments. " 01/01/2008 - "We report a 15-year-old boy who developed persistent erythema multiforme for 6 months and responded to treatment with thalidomide." 01/01/2008 - "Persistent erythema multiforme treated with thalidomide." 01/01/2003 - "Thalidomide induces immunomodulator, anti-inflammatory, and anti-angiogenic effects, and may be considered as the elective treatment of this rare variety of erythema multiforme. "
3.	Levamisole (Decaris)FDA Link 01/01/1982 - "Levamisole in the treatment of erythema multiforme: a double-blind trial in fourteen patients." 12/01/1993 - "Levamisole in erythema multiforme." 09/01/1992 - "Clinical response to levamisole in thirty-nine patients with erythema multiforme. " 09/01/1986 - "[Evaluation of cellular response in patients with erythema multiforme treated with Decaris]." 01/01/1989 - "The dramatic response to corticosteroids and to the immunoregulating agent levamisole, as well as the fact that patients with erythema multiforme are otherwise essentially healthy, suggests that erythema multiforme may be caused by a transient autoimmune defect, possibly triggered by multiple factors. "
4.	Prednisone (Sone)FDA LinkGeneric 12/01/1980 - "Erythema multiforme was controlled by high doses of prednisone. " 01/01/1999 - "Significantly more children with SSLR than with erythema multiforme or urticaria were treated with prednisone, either alone or in combination (P<0.05). " 03/01/1983 - "Following the primary orf infection, erythema multiforme developed and was controlled with prednisone. " 02/01/2008 - "It is used in dermatology for the treatment of plane warts, erythema multiforme, aphtous ulcers and, with prednisone, in lichen planus. " 06/01/1996 - "To report a case of erythema multiforme (EM) major treated with cyclophosphamide and prednisone. "
5.	Chlortetracycline (Aureomycin)FDA Link 07/01/1951 - "[Erythema multiforme during aureomycin therapy]." 02/01/1950 - "[Aureomycin; 2 cases of erythema multiforme]." 11/12/1950 - "[Erythema multiforme bullosa with high fever persisting for three weeks cured rapidly by aureomycin]." 11/01/1952 - "Stevens-Johnson syndrome, a varient of erythema multiforme exudativum, treated with aureomycin." 03/01/1951 - "Erythema multiforme exudativum (Stevens-Johnson syndrome); a review of a case report in which use of aureomycin and pyribenzamine were without apparent benefit."
6.	Prednisolone (Predate)FDA LinkGeneric 05/01/2005 - "Treating the polymorphic light eruption with prophylactic PUVA and/or oral prednisolone or cyclosporin prevented the development of erythema multiforme, suggesting that the two events are related. " 10/01/1998 - "The addition of levamisole to prednisolone may produce improved results in the management of erosive lichen planus, erythema multiforme, mucous membrane pemphigoid, and early pemphigus vulgaris." 10/01/1998 - "The purpose of this open clinical trial and follow-up study was to evaluate the short-term and long-term clinical efficacy of levamisole used with low-dose prednisolone in 30 patients with oral lichen planus, 6 patients with erythema multiforme, 3 patients with mucous membrane pemphigoid, and 2 patients with early pemphigus vulgaris. " 01/01/2004 - "in combination with cimetidine for treating recalcitrant warts, with prednisolone for treating lichen planus, erythema multiforme and aphthous ulcers of the mouth. " 01/01/2015 - "She decided to have replacement, rather than removal, of her silicone breast implants privately, but her symptoms persisted postoperatively with a new erythema multiforme-like rash despite treatment with methotrexate and moderate dose prednisolone. "
7.	valacyclovir (valaciclovir)FDA LinkGeneric 03/01/2007 - "Valacyclovir 500 mg twice a day is also effective in suppressing erythema multiforme triggered by HSV. " 01/01/2015 - "Long-term valacyclovir treatment and immune modulation for Herpes-associated erythema multiforme." 07/01/2009 - "Herpes virus-associated erythema multiforme following valacyclovir and systemic corticosteroid treatment." 07/01/1998 - "Recurrent erythema multiforme unresponsive to acyclovir prophylaxis and responsive to valacyclovir continuous therapy."
8.	Interferon-alpha (Interferon Alfa)FDA Link 02/01/2006 - "Severe erythema multiforme responding to interferon alfa." 06/01/2000 - "Recurrent erythema multiforme and chronic hepatitis C: efficacy of interferon alpha."
9.	T-Cell Antigen Receptors (T-Cell Receptor)IBA 08/01/2012 - "In four cases, the diagnosis remained questionable, and clonality testing for T-cell receptor gamma gene rearrangement helped confirm erythema multiforme in one case. "
10.	Interleukin-6 (Interleukin 6)IBA 04/01/2003 - "In this study, we used a solid phase, two-site sequential chemiluminescent immunometric assay to determine the baseline serum levels of IL-6 in a group of 228 patients with RAU, erythema multiforme (EM), traumatic ulcers (TU), oral submucous fibrosis (OSF), pemphigus vulgaris (PV), or Sjögren's syndrome (SS), and in 77 normal control subjects. " 04/01/2002 - "In this study, we used a solid phase, two-site sequential chemiluminescent immunometric assay to determine the baseline serum levels of IL-6 in a group of 180 patients with erosive OLP (EOLP), nonerosive OLP (NEOLP), erythema multiforme (EM), traumatic ulcers (TU), oral submucous fibrosis (OSF), pemphigus vulgaris (PV), or Sjögren's syndrome (SS), and in 77 normal control subjects. " 01/01/2014 - "The aim of this study was to evaluate levels of interleukin (IL)-2, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-17A and interferon γ (IFN-γ) in the serum of patients with erythema multiforme (EM) and to search for the presence of IL-17-expressing cells in lesional samples of EM. "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Immunotherapy 11/01/2001 - "To our knowledge, there are no papers in the literature reporting erythema multiforme due to specific immunotherapy." 11/01/2001 - "Here we present a 25-year-old female patient admitted with a complaint of blistering lesions on her face, neck, chest and extremities appearing after the first dosis of specific immunotherapy and diagnosed as erythema multiforme. " 11/01/2001 - "Erythema multiforme: As a complication of allergen-specific immunotherapy." 05/01/1979 - "Erythema multiforme occurred in a 31-year-old woman as a complication of BCG immunotherapy administered by scarification for a Clark's level IV malignant melanoma. " 01/01/2014 - "Study the features of cytokine profile in patients with exudative erythema multiforme (EME) and dynamics of basal level of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines during immunotherapy. "
2.	Radiotherapy 08/01/1996 - "Generalized cutaneous reactions in association with radiotherapy have in the past been grouped into erythema multiforme (EM) and erythema multiforme-like reactions, the latter being reactions that do not strictly fit the accepted clinical and/or histological criteria for EM, yet have similar findings or presentations. " 08/01/1996 - "Erythema multiforme-like reaction associated with radiotherapy." 01/01/1992 - "Eruptions resembling erythema multiforme associated with radiotherapy are rare. " 01/01/1992 - "Skin reactions to radiotherapy--a spectrum resembling erythema multiforme: case report and review of the literature." 07/01/1980 - "Erythema multiforme induced by radiotherapy."
3.	Cranial Irradiation 03/01/1999 - "Erythema multiforme and Stevens-Johnson syndrome have been associated with anticonvulsant medications (AEDs) in patients with brain tumors receiving cranial irradiation. " 01/01/1990 - "The authors report the case of erythema multiforme characterized by its cephalic onset and its rise after association phenytoin and cranial irradiation, for glioblastoma with epileptic fits. " 02/01/1988 - "Erythema multiforme and Stevens-Johnson syndrome in patients receiving cranial irradiation and phenytoin." 12/01/2011 - "Antiepileptic, particularly phenytoin-induced severe skin reactions including Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) and bullous form of erythema multiforme have been reported in the patients treated with cranial irradiation due to brain metastasis. " 01/01/2013 - "Case reports on the development of toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) associated with concurrent administration of phenytoin with cranial radiation therapy (Ahmed (2004), Criton et al. (1997), and Rzany et al. (1996)), but reports about erythema multiforme, which can develop in patients treated with levetiracetam and cranial irradiation, are very limited. "
4.	Drug Therapy (Chemotherapy) 11/01/2006 - "He had no history of erythema multiforme, nor had he received any other vaccine or drug therapy. " 10/01/1979 - "Death occurred due to severe erythema multiforme, which was indirectly related to a complication of the chemotherapy." 03/01/1979 - "Three children with bullous erythema multiforme and 1 with toxic epidermal necrolysis associated with antiepileptic drug therapy are described. " 01/01/2000 - "Drug therapies and viral or bacterial infections probably induce symptoms in patients susceptible to erythema multiforme or severe versus Stevens-Johnson Syndrome. " 01/01/2006 - "Chemotherapy-related cutaneous toxicity includes generalized rashes such as the spectrum between erythema multiforme and toxic epidermal necrolysis, and site-specific toxicity such as mucositis, alopecia, nail changes, extravasation reactions, or hand-foot syndrome. "
5.	Oral Pathology 06/01/1990 - "Oral pathology: erythema multiforme." 01/01/1980 - "[Various aspects of oral pathology: erythema multiforme]." 01/01/1980 - "[Various aspects of oral pathology: exudative erythema multiforme]." 03/01/1986 - "This review also examines the oral pathology literature with respect to modifications in the number or localization of Langerhans cells and their proximity to T lymphocytes, for example in lichen planus, Behcet's syndrome, erythema multiforme, gingivitis and oral carcinoma. "