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Epinephrine (Adrenaline)

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The active sympathomimetic hormone from the ADRENAL MEDULLA. It stimulates both the alpha- and beta- adrenergic systems, causes systemic VASOCONSTRICTION and gastrointestinal relaxation, stimulates the HEART, and dilates BRONCHI and cerebral vessels. It is used in ASTHMA and CARDIAC FAILURE and to delay absorption of local ANESTHETICS.

Also Known As:

Adrenaline; Medihaler-Epi; 4-(1-Hydroxy-2-(methylamino)ethyl)-1,2-benzenediol; Adrenaline Bitartrate; Adrenaline Hydrochloride; Allergan Brand of Adrenaline Hydrochloride; Bird Brand of Racepinefrine Hydrochloride; Epifrin; Epinephrine Bitartrate; Epinephrine Hydrochloride; Epinephrine Hydrogen Tartrate; Epitrate; Lyophrin; Micronefrin; Micronephrine; Racemic Epinephrine; Racepinephrine; Vaponefrin; Bitartrate, Adrenaline; Bitartrate, Epinephrine; Epinephrine, Racemic; Hydrochloride, Adrenaline; Hydrochloride, Epinephrine; Hydrogen Tartrate, Epinephrine; 1,2-Benzenediol, 4-(1-hydroxy-2-(methylamino)ethyl)-, (R)-

Networked: 10233 relevant articles (562 outcomes, 1061 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Drug Context: Research Results

Organic Chemicals: 58
- Amines: 1422
- Alcohols: 387
  - Amino Alcohols: 14
    - Ethanolamines: 12
      - Epinephrine: 10233
        dipivefrin: 53
        N-methylepinephrine: 3
        pilaren: 3
        alpha-methylepinephrine: 2
        epinephrine sulfate: 2
        epinephryl borate: 2
        TEC solution: 2
        6-hydroxycatecholine: 1
        adrenalone: 1
        AZ 002: 1
        isoprinaline: 1
        N,N-dimethylepinephrine: 1
        suprexon: 1
        tyroscherin: 1
        1-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-1,2-diaminoethane
        2-fluoroepinephrine
        3,4-diisovaleryl adrenaline
        3,4-diisovaleryl adrenalone
        3-pivaloylepinephrine
        4-pivaloylepinephrine
        6-fluoroepinephrine
        adrenaline sulfate
        adrenalinequinone
        alpha-methylepinephrine dipivalate
        anesthetic LET
        epinephrine glucuronide
        ICI 116258
        ICI 125436
        Levorenone

Experts

1.	Simons, F Estelle R: 46 articles (05/2015 - 01/2002)
2.	Wenzel, Volker: 26 articles (09/2012 - 04/2002)
3.	Wenzel, V: 21 articles (03/2003 - 01/2000)
4.	Lindner, K H: 21 articles (03/2003 - 01/2000)
5.	Davis, Stephen N: 18 articles (06/2015 - 06/2003)
6.	Camargo, Carlos A: 18 articles (01/2015 - 02/2004)
7.	Reader, Al: 17 articles (06/2015 - 10/2003)
8.	Pacak, Karel: 17 articles (02/2015 - 06/2003)
9.	Sicherer, Scott H: 17 articles (03/2014 - 03/2003)
10.	Beck, Mike: 16 articles (06/2015 - 10/2003)

Related Diseases

1.	Hemorrhage 11/01/2005 - "The endoscopic examination showed an important arterial bleeding treated successfully with epinephrine and bipolar elettro-coagulation (BICAP). " 01/01/2009 - "Compared with epinephrine, further bleeding was reduced significantly by other monotherapies (relative risk [RR], 0.58 [95% CI, 0.36-0.93]; number-needed-to-treat [NNT], 9 [95% CI, 5-53]), and epinephrine followed by another modality (RR, 0.34 [95% CI, 0.23-0.50]; NNT, 5 [95% CI, 5-7]); epinephrine was not significantly less effective in studies with second-look and re-treatment. " 03/01/2007 - "Dieulafoy's lesion-like bleeding was treated successfully with epinephrine injection and endoscopic cauterization in 5 of 6 patients with 1 patient requiring surgery. " 08/01/2003 - "Only one complication was observed after the polypectomy, a hemorrhage that was treated successfully with local injection of adrenaline. " 05/01/2003 - "With regard to lesion site, hemoclipping was significantly more effective in preventing recurrent bleeding of gastric body Dieulafoy lesion than epinephrine injection therapy (0 % vs. 50 %, P < 0.05). "
2.	Heart Arrest (Cardiac Arrest) 01/01/1990 - "A prospective, randomized, blinded study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of standard compared with high-dose epinephrine in cardiac arrest in dogs. " 06/01/1995 - "To compare the efficacy of high-dose epinephrine (HDE) and standard-dose epinephrine (SDE) for out-of-hospital treatment of pediatric cardiopulmonary arrest (CPA). " 10/08/1992 - "High-dose epinephrine was not found to improve survival or neurologic outcomes in adult victims of cardiac arrest." 05/01/1986 - "In both series, pure respiratory arrest had a significantly better outcome than cardiopulmonary arrest, and predictors of nonsurvival were a duration of arrest greater than 15 min and the administration of more than one iv bolus of epinephrine. " 07/01/2012 - "This study aimed to investigate whether early epinephrine administration in out-of-hospital cardiopulmonary arrest (OHCA) patients was associated with improved outcomes and to address the selection bias inherent in observational studies (more severe cases are more likely to receive epinephrine). "
3.	Anaphylaxis (Anaphylactic Shock) 01/01/2012 - "In the absence of appropriate trials, we recommend that adrenaline administration by auto-injector should still be regarded as the most effective first-line treatment for the management of anaphylaxis in the community. " 03/17/1994 - "Adrenaline has long been the mainstay of treatment for anaphylaxis, but it is still not clear how best to give it. " 01/01/2008 - "In the absence of appropriate trials, we recommend, albeit on the basis of less than optimal evidence, that adrenaline administration by intramuscular (i.m.) injection should still be regarded as first-line treatment for the management of anaphylaxis." 02/01/2000 - "Respiratory signs of anaphylactic shock must be recognized rapidly to allow adequate treatment using epinephrine which has proven efficacy both in terms of symptom relief and prognosis." 08/13/2014 - "The gold standard in management of anaphylaxis is thought to be the rapid and early administration of epinephrine by intra-muscular route. "
4.	Pain (Aches) 02/01/1999 - "In contrast to the significant reduction of INA and its perceptual correlate of sharp pain after adrenaline administration, the electrical detection threshold remained constant during the full test period, suggesting that electrical threshold measurements have their limitations as a diagnostic tool or criterion for assessing the sensitivity of the dental pulp. " 09/01/2013 - "One method for relieving pain is peritonsillar injection of epinephrine along with an anesthetic, which has been shown to produce variable results in previous studies. " 10/01/2009 - "Because this stress protocol produced sustained elevation of plasma epinephrine, in the current study we tested the hypothesis that the sympathoadrenal axis also plays a role in maintenance of symptoms in this model of chronic widespread pain. " 01/01/1993 - "There were no statistical differences in catecholamine concentrations among the different study groups, although the mean concentrations of adrenaline in patients having a thoracic epidural block for pain relief were lower in comparison to the findings in other groups. " 01/01/2014 - "Some brain regions such as locus coeruleus (LC) of the brainstem nor-epinephrine (NE) system have a key role in The mechanisms of the pain modulation and dependence. "
5.	Bronchiolitis 05/01/2010 - "No significant improvement in bronchiolitis seen with hypertonic saline plus epinephrine." 07/01/2000 - "Lung function (tPTEF/tE) was reduced in infants with acute bronchiolitis and improved significantly after inhaled racemic adrenaline. " 07/01/2000 - "The ratio of time to reach peak tidal expiratory flow to total expiratory time (tPTEF/tE) was significantly reduced in children with acute bronchiolitis (mean, 95% CI) (0.08, 0.05-0.10) compared to controls (0.31, 0.18-0.43), with significant improvement after inhaled racemic adrenaline 0.19 (0.13-0.25), parallel with significant clinical improvement. " 02/01/1997 - "Nebulized epinephrine results in significant improvement in clinical scores and airway resistance in children hospitalized with bronchiolitis and in the emergency department causes acute improvement in oxygenation, decreases length of time in the emergency department and admission rate to hospital. " 01/01/2015 - "There is no evidence that the epinephrine-3% hypertonic saline combination is more effective than 3% hypertonic saline alone for treating infants hospitalized with acute bronchiolitis. "

Related Drugs and Biologics

1.	Lidocaine (Xylocaine)
2.	Norepinephrine (Noradrenaline)
3.	Vasopressins (Vasopressin)
4.	Epinephrine (Adrenaline)
5.	Bupivacaine (Bupivacaine Hydrochloride)
6.	Dopamine (Intropin)
7.	Carticaine (Articaine)
8.	Albuterol (Salbutamol)
9.	Glucagon (Glukagon)
10.	Tetracaine (Amethocaine)

Related Therapies and Procedures

1.	Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR)
2.	Resuscitation
3.	Injections
4.	Anesthesia
5.	Intramuscular Injections