Epididymitis

Inflammation of the EPIDIDYMIS. Its clinical features include enlarged epididymis, a swollen SCROTUM; PAIN; PYURIA; and FEVER. It is usually related to infections in the URINARY TRACT, which likely spread to the EPIDIDYMIS through either the VAS DEFERENS or the lymphatics of the SPERMATIC CORD.

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Networked: 343 relevant articles (17 outcomes, 20 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Urethritis
2.	Prostatitis
3.	Spermatic Cord Torsion (Testicular Torsion)
4.	Inflammation
5.	Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (Pelvic Inflammatory Diseases)

Experts

1.	Vicari, E: 4 articles (12/2006 - 03/2001)
2.	La Vignera, S: 3 articles (05/2012 - 01/2006)
3.	Terayama, Hayato: 3 articles (12/2010 - 10/2005)
4.	Itoh, Masahiro: 3 articles (12/2010 - 10/2005)
5.	Ogawa, Yuki: 3 articles (12/2010 - 10/2005)
6.	Naito, Munekazu: 3 articles (12/2010 - 10/2005)
7.	Calogero, A E: 3 articles (12/2006 - 11/2001)
8.	Schuppe, Hans-Christian: 2 articles (09/2015 - 06/2014)
9.	Weidner, Wolfgang: 2 articles (09/2015 - 06/2014)
10.	Wagenlehner, Florian: 2 articles (09/2015 - 06/2014)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Epididymitis:

1.	Ofloxacin (Levofloxacin)FDA LinkGeneric 07/01/1987 - "Ofloxacin, an antibiotic of the new quinolone group, was proved to be highly effective in the treatment of acute and chronic bacterial as well as chlamydial epididymitis." 04/01/1993 - "The results of this study suggest that ofloxacin may be a very effective antimicrobial agent for the treatment of epididymitis due to E. " 05/01/1992 - "We performed basic and clinical studies on the effects of a new oral quinolone derivative, levofloxacin (LVFX, Code No. DR 3355) which is an optical l-isomer of ofloxacin, in acute epididymitis. " 01/01/1987 - "In this study, 20 men suffering from acute nongonococcal epididymitis were treated with ofloxacin 200mg bid given orally for 2 weeks. " 11/01/2001 - "A 75-year-old white man received 23.6 grams of ofloxacin over a 51-day period for epididymitis. "
2.	Anti-Bacterial Agents (Antibiotics)IBA 02/01/2014 - "Two patients with postoperative epididymitis were treated successfully with a 1-week course of antibiotics. " 09/01/2002 - "Our diagnosis was right epididymitis, and the swelling of the scrotum was improved by antibiotics. " 10/01/2013 - "The patient had also been suffering from epididymitis for several weeks before the neurological symptoms appeared but was treated by antibiotics accordingly. " 01/01/2013 - "Ultrasound scan confirmed a diagnosis of bacterial epididymitis and the patient was treated with intravenous antibiotics. " 12/01/2011 - "Re: Are antibiotics necessary for pediatric epididymitis?"
3.	Doxycycline (Vibramycin)FDA LinkGeneric 08/01/1999 - "Complete clinical and radiological response was achieved after a long course of doxycycline treatment, without surgical exploration of the scrotum, confirming the diagnosis of chlamydial epididymitis." 11/01/1991 - "In a rat model of epididymitis, trimethoprim and doxycycline demonstrated the greatest degree of epididymal penetration compared to serum. " 04/01/1993 - "The in vivo efficacy of ofloxacin was compared with those of cefotaxime and doxycycline in a rat model of epididymitis due to Escherichia coli. " 04/01/1993 - "Comparative efficacies of ofloxacin, cefotaxime, and doxycycline for treatment of experimental epididymitis due to Escherichia coli in rats." 12/01/1985 - "Recurrence of urethritis, accompanied by epididymitis, was associated this time with the recovery of a different (tetracycline sensitive) ureaplasma strain; the urethritis and epididymitis were treated successfully with a combination of netilmicin and doxycycline. "
4.	Tetracycline (Achromycin)FDA LinkGeneric 06/01/1979 - "Antibiotic therapy with tetracycline was effective for the treatment of men with Chlamydia trachomatis epididymitis and should be offered to the female sex partners." 01/01/1982 - "Seven day regimens of either a tetracycline or erythromycin are generally preferred for uncomplicated infections, but ten days of a tetracycline is preferred for complications like acute pelvic inflammatory disease or epididymitis. " 12/01/1985 - "Recurrence of urethritis, accompanied by epididymitis, was associated this time with the recovery of a different (tetracycline sensitive) ureaplasma strain; the urethritis and epididymitis were treated successfully with a combination of netilmicin and doxycycline. "
5.	Ciprofloxacin (Cipro)FDA LinkGeneric 11/01/1999 - "For epididymitis in men over the age of 40 years ciprofloxacin 500 mg orally twice daily is more effective than pivampicillin 700 mg orally twice daily. " 11/01/1999 - "A double-blind, randomized, controlled multicentre study to compare the efficacy of ciprofloxacin with pivampicillin as oral therapy for epididymitis in men over 40 years of age." 02/14/2000 - "Ciprofloxacin 500 mg orally twice daily was compared to pivampicillin 700 mg orally twice daily for 10 days in 172 men (41-85 years) with acute epididymitis. " 02/14/2000 - "[Ciprofloxacin and pivampicillin in acute epididymitis in men above the age of 40 years]." 11/01/1999 - "To compare the efficacy and safety of ciprofloxacin 500 mg orally twice daily with pivampicillin 700 mg orally twice daily for 10 days in men with acute epididymitis and over 40 years of age. "
6.	PivampicillinIBA 11/01/1999 - "For epididymitis in men over the age of 40 years ciprofloxacin 500 mg orally twice daily is more effective than pivampicillin 700 mg orally twice daily. " 11/01/1999 - "A double-blind, randomized, controlled multicentre study to compare the efficacy of ciprofloxacin with pivampicillin as oral therapy for epididymitis in men over 40 years of age." 02/14/2000 - "Ciprofloxacin 500 mg orally twice daily was compared to pivampicillin 700 mg orally twice daily for 10 days in 172 men (41-85 years) with acute epididymitis. " 02/14/2000 - "[Ciprofloxacin and pivampicillin in acute epididymitis in men above the age of 40 years]." 11/01/1999 - "To compare the efficacy and safety of ciprofloxacin 500 mg orally twice daily with pivampicillin 700 mg orally twice daily for 10 days in men with acute epididymitis and over 40 years of age. "
7.	Amoxicillin (Wymox)FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/1977 - "1. The patients with urological infections who were treated with amoxicillin included 20 patients with acute cystitis, 1 with acute urethritis, 18 with chronic prostatitis, 1 with epididymitis, 1 with pyelonephritis and 6 patients in whom the antibiotic was used for the prevention of infections. " 04/01/1981 - "Since multiple-dose penicillin regimens are used for the treatment of acute pelvic inflammatory disease and epididymitis, which are frequently caused by C trachomatis, the apparent efficacy of high-dose amoxicillin therapy for chlamydial urethritis in this study is of interest. "
8.	Tretinoin (Retinoic Acid)FDA LinkGeneric 04/01/2014 - "The aim of this study was to investigate the functions and related mechanisms of all trans retinoic acid (atRA) in alleviating the acute inflammation of epididymitis. " 04/01/2014 - "All-trans-retinoic acid ameliorates the inflammation by inducing transforming growth factor beta 1 and interleukin 10 in mouse epididymitis."
9.	Penicillins (Penicillin)FDA Link 04/01/1981 - "Since multiple-dose penicillin regimens are used for the treatment of acute pelvic inflammatory disease and epididymitis, which are frequently caused by C trachomatis, the apparent efficacy of high-dose amoxicillin therapy for chlamydial urethritis in this study is of interest. "
10.	CytokinesIBA 06/01/2011 - "Experimental epididymitis induced by retrograde movement of bacteria in the vas deferens results in different responses by different cytokines. " 01/01/2008 - "This case study examines the presentation and possible role of cytokines in the development of systemic inflammatory response syndrome in a child with acute traumatic epididymitis. " 05/01/2002 - "We consider that multiple organ dysfunction following postoperative epididymitis was caused by cytokines released due to systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) after the trauma, operation, and placement of the bladder catheter. " 12/01/1995 - "In order to investigate whether cytokines play an important role in the regulation of host defense against bacterial epididymitis, we examined the local expression of cytokine mRNA in a rat model of Escherichia coli epididymitis. " 04/01/2014 - "Our results demonstrate that atRA ameliorates the inflammation in mouse epididymitis by decreasing the expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokines and increasing the expression of anti-inflammatory factors including TGF-β1 and IL-10. "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Vasectomy (Vas Occlusion) 01/01/1994 - "Microsurgical epididymovasostomy is particularly effective in patients with epididymitis or vasectomy patients with a short-term obstruction." 05/01/1994 - "The major pathological entities reviewed in the study were epididymitis, hydrocele, cystic lesions of the epididymis, post-vasectomy lesions and solid extratesticular lesions. " 06/01/2011 - "coli-induced epididymitis in the rat: blockade by vasectomy." 01/01/2007 - "No difference was noted between two groups (our patients without prophylactic vasectomy compared with the data from literature with prophylactic vasectomy) in the incidence of postoperative epididymitis. " 01/01/1999 - "As risk factors for each complication, the time of surgical resection, the decade of surgery, and the amount of tissue resected directly correlated with the incidence of extravasation and hemostatic procedures (P < or =0.003), whereas the incidence of postoperative epididymitis positively correlated with a preoperative vasectomy and a closed drainage system (P <0.0005). "
2.	Transurethral Resection of Prostate (TURP) 01/01/2007 - "Most commonly the postoperative epididymitis was noted following transvesical adenomectomies (1.53%), less commonly following retropubic (Millin's) surgery (1.09%), and most rarely following transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) (0.11%). " 01/01/1988 - "Epididymitis after transurethral prostatectomy." 11/01/1974 - "Transurethral prostatectomy and epididymitis." 02/01/1979 - "Vasectomy failed to provide adequate protection against postoperative epididymitis and cannot be recommended as a routine procedure with a transurethral prostatectomy. " 02/01/1979 - " The findings of this study suggest that vasectomy does not reduce incidence of epididymitis and hence cannot be used as a routine procedure with a transurethral prostatectomy."
3.	Laser Therapy (Surgery, Laser) 10/01/1990 - "[Laser therapy of acute nonspecific epididymitis]." 01/01/1990 - "Laser therapy was found particularly effective in the treatment of residual urethritis and valuable in multiple-modality treatment of urethrogenic epididymitis, cystitis, and prostatitis. " 01/01/1990 - "The authors analyze the results of laser therapy of residual urethritis and complications of urethral inflammations: cystitis, prostatitis, epididymitis, urethral strictures. "
4.	Prostatectomy (Retropubic Prostatectomy) 04/01/1965 - "VAS CRUSH FOR PREVENTION OF POST-PROSTATECTOMY EPIDIDYMITIS: AN EXPERIMENTAL AND CLINICAL STUDY." 06/09/1978 - "[Epididymitis after prostatectomy (author's transl)]." 03/30/1971 - "[Epididymitis as a complication after prostatectomy]." 07/01/1970 - "Post-prostatectomy epididymitis: a bacteriological and clinical survey." 09/01/1967 - "Epididymitis in relationship to prostatectomy."
5.	Subcutaneous Injections 10/01/2005 - "In sharp contrast, subcutaneous injection of viable syngeneic testicular germ cells (TGC) alone induces autoimmune orchitis with no involvement of the epididymitis in mice. " 01/01/1991 - "Previous studies demonstrated that experimental autoimmune orchitis (EAO) was produced in C3H/He mice with very high incidence by two or three subcutaneous injections of viable syngeneic testicular germ cells, without the use of any adjuvants or immunopotentiators and that the disease induced was characterized by a complete lack of epididymitis despite a definite orchitis with hypospermatogenesis. "