Enuresis

Involuntary discharge of URINE after expected age of completed development of urinary control. This can happen during the daytime (DIURNAL ENURESIS) while one is awake or during sleep (NOCTURNAL ENURESIS). Enuresis can be in children or in adults (as persistent primary enuresis and secondary adult-onset enuresis).

Networked: 608 relevant articles (69 outcomes, 65 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Nocturnal Enuresis (Bedwetting)
2.	Apnea
3.	Polyuria
4.	Pain (Aches)
5.	Nocturia

Experts

1.	Nevéus, Tryggve: 10 articles (06/2015 - 06/2004)
2.	Hoebeke, P: 6 articles (01/2016 - 09/2006)
3.	Nevéus, T: 6 articles (02/2014 - 01/2000)
4.	Rittig, Søren: 6 articles (11/2012 - 08/2006)
5.	Raes, A: 5 articles (01/2016 - 09/2006)
6.	Eggert, Paul: 5 articles (08/2015 - 12/2007)
7.	Vande Walle, J: 4 articles (01/2016 - 09/2006)
8.	Vande Walle, Johan: 4 articles (08/2015 - 11/2005)
9.	Evans, Jonathan: 4 articles (08/2015 - 02/2010)
10.	Kamperis, Konstantinos: 4 articles (11/2012 - 08/2006)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Enuresis:

1.	Deamino Arginine Vasopressin (Desmopressin)FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/1999 - "The Swedish Enuresis Trial has produced some very positive results on the long-term use of desmopressin, showing a 61% response rate (> 50% reduction in wet nights). " 06/01/2004 - "Since antidiuretic treatment with desmopressin in the evening has proven effective against enuresis, it would not be surprising if diuretic treatment in the afternoon would have similar effects. " 03/01/1995 - "The efficacy of desmopressin in the treatment of functional enuresis, known for 15 years, has received very little attention in the psychiatric literature. " 12/01/2010 - "Following first line treatment 77.8% of the desmopressin group and 82% of the enuresis alarm group achieved a successful result, including full response in 37% and 50% of the groups, respectively (p=0.433). " 06/01/2012 - "Despite the small sample size of patients with ASD, our data show a favorable trend toward efficacy of desmopressin and anticholinergic therapy in these children with enuresis and DVS."
2.	Imipramine (Janimine)FDA LinkGeneric 06/01/2004 - "Imipramine is a useful treatment for enuresis when everything else has failed, especially among older children. " 08/10/1968 - "Efficacy of imipramine in childhood enuresis: a double-blind control study with placebo." 01/01/1994 - "Plasma levels and efficacy of imipramine treatment for enuresis." 10/01/1970 - "The efficacy of imipramine in the management of enuresis." 12/21/1968 - "Efficacy of imipramine in childhood enuresis."
3.	oxybutynin (Tavor)FDA LinkGeneric 07/01/1993 - "Oxybutynin is beneficial for children with small bladder capacity and daytime enuresis. " 07/01/1988 - "The study showed no evidence that oxybutynin is effective in treating primary enuresis." 09/01/2005 - "The study included 34 children with refractory MNE; all were treated > 5 years earlier for their MNE using a combined stepwise approach, consisting of retention control training, oxybutynin and an enuresis alarm. " 04/01/1999 - "Effectiveness of oxybutynin hydrochloride in the treatment of enuresis nocturna--a clinical and urodynamic study." 04/01/2013 - "To verify and compare the results of behavioral modification plus pelvic floor muscle training and behavioral modifications plus oxybutynin chloride in children with nonmonosymptomatic enuresis. "
4.	Arginine Vasopressin (Argipressin)IBA 01/01/1999 - "Fluid deprivation in enuresis--effect on urine output and plasma arginine vasopressin." 01/01/1999 - "Circadian variation of plasma arginine vasopressin concentration, or arginine vasopressin in enuresis." 05/01/1984 - "We conclude that desaminocysteine-D-arginine vasopressin may well be used in the management of childhood enuresis, especially in situations when an immediate effect is desirable." 06/01/2008 - "In addition to providing further pathophysiological support for the role of a nocturnal arginine vasopressin deficiency behind nocturnal polyuria in a subset of patients with enuresis, the results emphasize the clinical value of estimating nocturnal urine production on wet nights before selecting a therapeutic modality." 06/01/2008 - "The circadian studies showed that all groups of patients had an attenuated arginine vasopressin rhythm, females generally had lower circadian plasma arginine vasopressin levels than males, desmopressin responders with enuresis during the study night had the largest nocturnal urine excretion rate and most pronounced arginine vasopressin deficiency, and nocturnal urine output was significantly greater during nights with enuresis than nights without. "
5.	Antidepressive Agents (Antidepressants)IBA 01/01/1985 - "Antidepressants were effective for the treatment of familial enuresis in its pure form." 02/16/1974 - " the earlier years of this survey the antidepressants taken by children had usually been prescribed for adults, but recently they have been increasingly prescribed as a treatment for enuresis in children themselves. " 08/01/1981 - "Besides being useful for treating depression, antidepressants may be used for treating enuresis, chronically painful states, obsessive-compulsive-phobic states, acute panic attacks and cataplectic attacks in narcoleptics. " 11/01/1993 - "Antidepressants are indicated in many conditions including depression, obsessive-compulsive disorders, and anxiety; some of their indications are specific to children, such as separation anxiety, enuresis, and school phobia. " 12/01/1995 - "Antidepressants have also been used for some time in the treatment of parasomnia related to slow deep sleep (night terrors and sleepwalking), but the antidepressants may also be used in enuresis and in parasomnia related to REM sleep : nightmares, sleep paralysis, behavioral problems associated with REM sleep. "
6.	Cholinergic Antagonists (Anticholinergics)IBA 04/01/2009 - "Less has been achieved regarding treatment, but some evidence has finally supported the experience that anticholinergics may be effective in therapy-resistant enuresis. " 10/01/2012 - "Our findings highlight that anticholinergic agents may play an important role for a subset of children with enuresis who have a restricted bladder capacity and thickened bladder wall. " 09/01/2012 - "The patient presented to the urology clinic with a complaint of a weak stream, urinary urgency and frequency, as well as enuresis which were only moderately controlled with anti-cholinergics. " 02/01/2008 - "This is the first study on anticholinergics or imipramine in children with therapy-resistant enuresis. " 09/01/2013 - "The treatment of monosymptomatic enuresis consists of positive psychological support, alarms and medication (desmopressin/ anticholinergics/ imiprammine). "
7.	Methylphenidate (Ritalin)FDA LinkGeneric 08/01/1996 - "All patients responded positively with complete cessation of enuresis to varying dose schedules of methylphenidate. " 09/01/2011 - "Clinical and urodynamic effect of methylphenidate for the treatment of giggle incontinence (enuresis risoria)." 02/01/2007 - "[Therapeutic effect of ritalin on enuresis: experience of 40 cases]." 08/01/1983 - "A case is presented in which a hyperactive child with secondary enuresis had a dramatic response to both syndromes of methylphenidate therapy. " 01/01/2014 - "We report the case of a 6-year-old patient diagnosed with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and comorbid enuresis disorder, who was treated with methylphenidate for the past 3 months and a novel behavioural modification therapy by using an application called 'Enuresis Trainer'. "
8.	OxygenIBA 04/01/1999 - "Apnea/hypopnea index, nocturnal oxygen desaturation, and sleep architecture were improved, and enuresis completely disappeared. " 03/01/2014 - "Thirty-four children with therapy-resistant enuresis, but no history of heavy snoring or sleep apnoeas, underwent sleep registrations, including standard electroencephalography (EEG) and electrooculography (EOG) as well as registration of oxygen saturation, respiratory effort and nasal air flow. " 07/01/2005 - "The apnea-hypopnea index was 4.9 and 7.3 episodes/hr, and the oxygen desaturation of hemoglobin index was 4.6 and 5.2 episodes/hr. After administration of budesonide, the frequency of snoring decreased, the polysomnography findings improved, and the enuresis resolved completely. "
9.	Acetazolamide (Diamox)FDA LinkGeneric 04/01/1999 - "The patient was treated successfully with imipramine and acetazolamide for the obstructive sleep apnea and enuresis. " 01/01/1995 - "A female patient was referred to our clinic with complaints of of a 15-year history of loud snoring and sleep apnea as well as enuresis, which was treated successfully with imipramine and acetazolamide. "
10.	Nortriptyline (Aventyl)FDA LinkGeneric 11/01/2012 - "This study aims to investigate the efficacy, tolerability, and adverse effects of nortriptyline for treating enuresis in children with ADHD. " 10/05/1968 - "Controlled trial of nortriptyline in childhood enuresis." 11/01/2012 - "Administration of nortriptyline for treating enuresis in ADHD has not been investigated before. " 11/01/2012 - "In addition, enuresis was not different from the baseline frequency of enuresis after stopping nortriptyline or placebo administration. " 11/01/2012 - "Nortriptyline for treating enuresis in ADHD--a randomized double-blind controlled clinical trial."

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Drug Therapy (Chemotherapy) 01/01/2013 - "Simple behavioural therapies could be tried as first line treatment before considering enuresis alarm therapy or drug therapy, which may be more demanding and have adverse effects, although evidence supporting their efficacy is lacking." 06/01/2007 - "Combined therapy (enuresis alarm, bladder training, motivational therapy and pelvic floor muscle training) is more effective than each component alone or than pharmacotherapy. " 04/01/2007 - "[Efficacy of the pharmacotherapy of secondary enuresis in children]." 07/01/2010 - "The cornerstones of primary enuresis therapy are general lifestyle advice, pharmacotherapy and alarm devices. " 06/01/2007 - "Pharmacotherapy can provide early relief of enuresis, while behavioral intervention may lead to greater long-term benefits. "
2.	Aftercare (After-Treatment) 11/01/2012 - "After treatment for enuresis the health related quality of life score was improved not only for the enuretic children as assessed by the Kid-KINDL protocol, but also for the mothers of enuretic children as assessed by the SF-36 and STAI. " 01/24/1970 - "Of 200 children with persistent enuresis 66% were cured after treatment with an electric alarm over a 30-week period. " 10/01/2014 - "On the basis of international consensus, if enuresis is still present and a concern after treatment of underlying LUT, specific medical or behavioral therapy for enuresis should be offered to the family.(2)(8)." 06/01/2014 - "Daily incontinence score, frequency of pad changing, and enuresis were also assessed before and 6 months after treatment. " 02/01/2011 - "There was a recurrence of enuresis in both groups during the 4 weeks after treatment was discontinued (10% increase in group A and 8% increase in group B). "
3.	Hypnosis (Mesmerism) 07/01/1999 - "Hypnosis in the treatment of enuresis." 11/01/1983 - "Childhood enuresis: hypnosis suggested." 10/20/1971 - "[Hypnosis in the treatment of enuresis]." 07/01/1957 - "[Result of hypnosis in the treatment of functional enuresis in adults]." 12/01/1951 - "[Therapy of enuresis nocturna by fractionated active hypnosis]."
4.	Continuous Positive Airway Pressure 08/01/1998 - "In each case, the enuresis resolved with treatment with nasal continuous positive airway pressure. " 07/01/2013 - "Continuous positive airway pressure was introduced at age 7 years and provided significant improvement in his nocturnal apnea and sleep apnea-related symptoms, such as enuresis. "
5.	Traditional Medicine (Folk Remedies) 02/01/2014 - "The analysis of the material resulted in six themes: enuresis is socially stigmatising and handicapping; all practices and home remedies are tested; it creates frustration in the family; protecting the child from gossip or teasing; support from healthcare providers would have helped; it's something we just have to live with. " 10/01/2003 - "A majority (74.5%) of the respondents would use herbs or traditional medicine to treat enuresis, while only 6.8% of the respondents sought orthodox healthcare facilities for its management. "