Venezuelan Equine Encephalomyelitis

A form of arboviral encephalitis endemic to Central America and the northern latitudes of South America. The causative organism (ENCEPHALITIS VIRUS, VENEZUELAN EQUINE) is transmitted to humans and horses via the bite of several mosquito species. Human viral infection may be asymptomatic or remain restricted to a mild influenza-like illness. Encephalitis, usually not severe, occurs in a small percentage of cases and may rarely feature SEIZURES and COMA. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1996, Ch26, pp9-10)

Also Known As:

Networked: 292 relevant articles (13 outcomes, 20 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Infection
2.	Neoplasms (Cancer)
3.	Eastern Equine Encephalomyelitis
4.	Yellow Fever
5.	Western Equine Encephalomyelitis (Encephalitis, Western Equine)

Experts

1.	Valero, Nereida: 9 articles (10/2015 - 05/2002)
2.	Bonilla, Ernesto: 9 articles (10/2015 - 05/2002)
3.	Espina, Luz Marina: 6 articles (02/2009 - 05/2002)
4.	Weaver, Scott C: 5 articles (04/2015 - 08/2004)
5.	Loktev, V B: 5 articles (12/2009 - 01/2003)
6.	Bondarenko, E I: 5 articles (12/2009 - 01/2003)
7.	Protopopova, E V: 5 articles (12/2009 - 01/2003)
8.	Smith, Jonathan F: 5 articles (01/2008 - 04/2002)
9.	Johnston, Robert E: 5 articles (06/2007 - 02/2002)
10.	Valero, N: 5 articles (12/2001 - 03/2001)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Venezuelan Equine Encephalomyelitis:

1.	VaccinesIBA 03/01/1984 - "Although two investigational vaccines are used to immunize humans against Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus, neither had previously been tested for protective efficacy against aerosol exposure. " 11/12/2001 - "Three vaccines developed for protection against IA/IB subtypes of Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE) virus were evaluated in mice for the ability to protect against systemic and mucosal challenges with a virulent virus of the IE subtype. " 04/01/1977 - "Antibody studies in ponies vaccinated with Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis (strain TC-83) and other alphavirus vaccines." 12/01/2013 - "In an attempt to create more potent replicon vaccines, we engineered a panel of Venezuelan equine encephalitis-Sindbis virus chimeric replicons that contained these attenuating mutations. " 11/05/2009 - "Vaccines for Venezuelan equine encephalitis."
2.	RNA (Ribonucleic Acid)IBA 08/01/2003 - "This report describes a transfection-independent system for packaging alphavirus replicon vectors using modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) vectors to express all of the RNA components necessary for the production of Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE) virus replicon particles (VRP). " 11/01/1992 - "We studied the evolution of alphaviruses in the Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE) complex using phylogenetic analysis of RNA nucleotide sequences from limited portions of the nsP4, E1, and 3' untranslated genome regions of representative strains. " 01/01/1989 - "None of the probes used could be bound with RNA of Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus. " 07/01/1972 - "[Characteristics of the virion RNA of Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus]." 09/01/1971 - "[Factors affecting the level of infectivity of RNA of Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus]."
3.	Formaldehyde (Formol)FDA Link 05/01/1970 - "The efficacy of Formalin-inactivated Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE) vaccine has been reported to be low for man. " 03/01/1996 - "The US Army successfully developed a live-attenuated Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis (VEE) vaccine, TC-83, in 1961, and subsequently developed a formalin-inactivated vaccine, C-84, in 1974. " 11/01/1979 - "A new, formalin-inactivated vaccine for Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE) virus (C-84), prepared from an attenuated vaccine strain of virus (TC-83), was tested in humans. " 07/01/1976 - "The primary antibody response of rhesus monkeys to formalin-inactivated Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus vaccine was significantly potentiated if the vaccine was combined with PICLC prior to vaccination. " 01/01/1974 - "Formalin-inactivated Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis vaccine was prepared from virus propagated in rolling-bottle cultures of chicken embryo cells. "
4.	DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)IBA 02/04/2013 - "Novel vaccine against Venezuelan equine encephalitis combines advantages of DNA immunization and a live attenuated vaccine." 01/01/1992 - "[Obtaining infectious Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus based on a full length DNA copy of its genome]." 09/01/1981 - "[Possible formation of Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis DNA-provirus in tissue culture cells]." 08/21/1992 - "All compounds were evaluated for biological activity against the following RNA viruses: Punta Toro (PT) and sandfly fever (SF) viruses (bunyaviruses); Japanese encephalitis (JE), yellow fever (YF), and dengue-4 viruses (flaviviruses); parainfluenza type 3 (PIV3), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and measles viruses (paramyxoviruses); influenza A and influenza B viruses (orthomyxoviruses); Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus (VEE, alphavirus); human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1, lentivirus); the DNA-containing vaccinia (VV) virus (poxvirus); and adeno type 5 (Ad5) viruses. " 11/01/2007 - "A candidate vaccine (D1ME-VRP) expressing dengue virus type 1 premembrane and envelope proteins in a Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE) virus replicon particle (VRP) system was constructed and tested in conjunction with a plasmid DNA vaccine (D1ME-DNA) expressing identical dengue virus sequences. "
5.	EpitopesIBA 04/30/1985 - "The neutralization site on the E2 glycoprotein of Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis (TC-83) virus is composed of multiple conformationally stable epitopes." 01/01/1996 - "Enzyme immunoassay (EIA) with sixty types of monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) was used to study cross-reactive epitopes on the attenuated and virulent strains of the Eastern equine encephalomyelitis (EEE) and Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis (VEE) viruses. " 07/01/1988 - "We have previously identified at least eight epitopes on the E2 glycoprotein of Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis (VEE) virus vaccine strain TC-83 by using monoclonal antibodies (MAbs). " 09/01/1985 - "Only p 57 and p 110 proteins among those synthesized in the infected cells, precursors of virus structural proteins: p 57, p 110, p 140, were shown to possess the antigenic determinants of structural proteins of Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus." 09/01/1985 - "We have previously characterized with monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) seven unique epitopes on the two envelope glycoproteins of Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis (VEE) virus vaccine strain TC-83. "
6.	MelatoninIBA 07/01/2001 - "To determine whether treatment with melatonin (MLT) improves the efficiency of immunization against Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis (VEE) virus, mice were vaccinated with TC-83 VEE virus and treated daily with MLT (1 or 5 mg/kg) starting 3 days before immunization, until 10 days after. " 07/01/2001 - "Melatonin treatment enhances the efficiency of mice immunization with Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus TC-83." 03/01/2001 - "In mice infected with the Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis (VEE) virus and exposed to high intensity light (2500 lux) with a 12 h light: 12 h dark photoperiod, a significant increase in the levels of melatonin in the olfactory bulb was observed. " 03/01/2001 - "Melatonin prolongs survival of immunodepressed mice infected with the Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus." 06/01/1999 - "When mice infected with the Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis (VEE) virus were exposed to 2500 lux with a 12 h light: 12 h dark photoperiod, the serum levels of melatonin (MLT) remained constantly elevated. "
7.	SuspensionsIBA 11/01/2008 - "Analysis of the survival of Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus and possible viral simulants in liquid suspensions." 08/01/1971 - "Inactivation of airborne Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE) virus disseminated from liquid suspensions or from lyophilized preparations as 1- to 5-mum particles was investigated under various conditions of relative humidity and temperature in a 2,500-liter static aerosol chamber. " 09/01/1968 - "[Reproduction of Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus in suspensions of chick embryo fibroblasts]." 06/01/1963 - "1963.-When suspensions of Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis (VEE) virus were injected intracerebrally into groups of mice, a nearly linear relationship was observed between the concentration of the virus injected and the mean reciprocal time-to-death of the mice. " 04/01/1971 - "In a previous report, it was shown that nonviable Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE) vaccines prepared by exposure of virus suspensions produced in WI-38 cells to ionizing radiations were highly effective in protecting guinea pigs subjected to intraperitoneal (ip) challenge with VEE virus. "
8.	Ribavirin (Virazole)FDA LinkGeneric 05/01/1990 - "[The antiviral efficacy of ribamidil in an experimental infection of animals with the Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus]." 09/01/1983 - "Although the activity of selenazole against different viruses varied, it was significantly more potent than ribavirin and tiazofurin against all tested representatives of the families Paramyxoviridae (parainfluenza virus type 3, mumps virus, measles virus), Reoviridae (reovirus type 3), Poxviridae (vaccinia virus), Herpes-viridae (herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2), Togaviridae (Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus, yellow fever virus, Japanese encephalitis virus), Bunyaviridae (Rift Valley fever virus, sandfly fever virus [strain Sicilian], Korean hemorrhagic fever virus), Arenaviridae (Pichinde virus), Picornaviridae (coxsackieviruses B1 and B4, echovirus type 6, encephalomyocarditis virus), Adenoviridae (adenovirus type 2), and Rhabdoviridae (vesicular stomatitis virus). " 10/01/1984 - "Combinations of ribavirin and selenazofurin were synergistic against Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis, Japanese encephalitis, yellow fever, and Pichinde viruses, with fractional inhibitory concentrations of 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.4, respectively, but showed additive effects against Korean hemorrhagic fever and Rift Valley fever viruses. " 10/01/1984 - "Binary combinations of the N-nucleoside ribavirin (1-beta-D-ribofuranosyl-1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxamide) and the C-nucleoside analog selenazofurin (2-beta-D-ribofuranosylselenazole-4-carboxamide) or tiazofurin (2-beta-D-ribofuranosylthiazole-4-carboxamide) were tested in vitro for activity against Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis, Japanese encephalitis, yellow fever, Rift Valley fever, Korean hemorrhagic fever, and Pichinde viruses. "
9.	Dactinomycin (Ac-De)FDA LinkGeneric 03/01/1966 - "Propagation of Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus in cells treated with actinomycin D." 03/01/1965 - "[MULTIPLICATION OF THE VENEZUELAN EQUINE ENCEPHALOMYELITIS VIRUS IN CELLS TREATED WITH ACTINOMYCIN D]." 07/01/1976 - "An experimental substantiation of an improved approach to testing antiviral chemotherapeutic agents in tissue culture was done on the model of Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus and primarily trypsinized chick embryo fibroblasts using some biologically active agents such as actinomycin D, RNA-ase, gentamycin, poly (rI). "
10.	Poly I-CIBA 04/01/2014 - "Using these mice, we demonstrated the efficacy of a therapeutic intervention (poly I:C) and a potential vaccine [Venezuelan equine encephalitis replicon particles expressing MERS-CoV spike protein]. "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Hormone Replacement Therapy (Therapy, Hormone Replacement) 07/04/2008 - "The genesis of these differences is uncertain but not entirely related to gonadal hormones (differences are seen in pre-pubertal and post-menopausal subjects not on hormone replacement therapy) or female sex (males had greater serological response for pneumococcal, diphtheria, yellow fever, Venezuelan equine encephalitis and in some studies with rabies vaccine. "
2.	Lasers (Laser) 11/01/1991 - "Effects of ultraviolet laser radiation on Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus." 11/01/1991 - "The effects of usual low-intensity continuous (lambda = 254 nm, I = 10 W/m2) UV radiation and high-intensity laser nanosecond (lambda = 266 nm, tau p = 10 ns, I = 10(9) W/m2) or picosecond (lambda = 266 nm, tau p = 23 ps, I = 10(12) W/m2) UV radiation on Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus (a member of the Togaviridae family) were compared. "
3.	Intraperitoneal Injections 09/01/1972 - "Transplacental infection of mouse fetuses with Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis was produced by intraperitoneal injection of dams at various stages of gestation with 10(3) suckling mouse intracerebral median lethal doses of an attenuated strain (TC-83). "
4.	Enema (Enemas) 05/01/1997 - "To determine whether anal infusion of virus simulates the natural route of infection rather than intracoelomic injection, we compared the course of Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE) virus infection in Amblyomma cajennense (F.) ticks that had been exposed to virus by enema infusion with that in ticks fed on a viremic host or exposed by intracoelomic inoculation. "