Encephalomyelitis (Myeloencephalitis)

A general term indicating inflammation of the BRAIN and SPINAL CORD, often used to indicate an infectious process, but also applicable to a variety of autoimmune and toxic-metabolic conditions. There is significant overlap regarding the usage of this term and ENCEPHALITIS in the literature.

Also Known As:

Networked: 862 relevant articles (55 outcomes, 63 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Multiple Sclerosis
2.	Arthritis (Polyarthritis)
3.	Inflammation
4.	Autoimmune Diseases (Autoimmune Disease)
5.	Demyelinating Diseases (Demyelinating Disease)

Experts

1.	Lassmann, Hans: 10 articles (12/2015 - 07/2003)
2.	Griffin, Diane E: 8 articles (08/2015 - 06/2003)
3.	Bergmann, Cornelia C: 7 articles (01/2015 - 03/2008)
4.	Stohlman, Stephen A: 7 articles (01/2015 - 03/2008)
5.	Vincent, Angela: 7 articles (08/2014 - 12/2011)
6.	Steinman, Lawrence: 6 articles (01/2015 - 09/2003)
7.	Baumgärtner, Wolfgang: 6 articles (01/2015 - 08/2006)
8.	Furr, M: 6 articles (09/2013 - 01/2000)
9.	Matsumoto, Yoh: 6 articles (08/2011 - 05/2002)
10.	Shin, T: 6 articles (12/2001 - 06/2000)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Encephalomyelitis:

1.	PeptidesIBA 03/01/1994 - "The extensive parallels between human T cells specific for V beta 5.2 and V beta 6.1 CDR2 peptides and rat T cells specific for V beta 8.2 CDR2 peptide that are highly protective against experimental encephalomyelitis strengthen the rationale for the therapeutic use of TCR peptides in human autoimmunity." 03/01/1993 - "Synthetic peptides corresponding to germline TCR V beta 8.2 sequences overexpressed by Lewis rat encephalitogenic T cells are effective in the prevention and treatment of autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). " 02/01/2003 - "Our results demonstrate that the ability of truncated pMOG(35-55) peptides to bind recombinant H-2D(b) protein does not always correlate with their ability of inducing encephalomyelitis. " 10/01/1995 - "We found that, in addition to the known 71-90 epitope, six other peptides induced active encephalomyelitis in the majority the injected rats. " 07/01/1995 - "Self and non-self peptides treat autoimmune encephalomyelitis: T cell anergy or competition for major histocompatibility complex class II binding?"
2.	VaccinesIBA 12/01/1997 - "Short-term incubation of avian encephalomyelitis vaccines improved the sensitivity of PCR to detect both M. " 06/01/1990 - "Development and application of an improved infectivity assay for the standardization of avian encephalomyelitis vaccines." 11/01/1986 - "Improved potency test for live avian encephalomyelitis vaccines." 01/01/2010 - "The comparatively cheaper inactivated nerve tissues vaccines can cause serious side-effects such as autoimmune encephalomyelitis in inoculated animals and production has been discontinued in several countries. " 12/01/1997 - "gallisepticum were spiked into several avian live virus vaccines, PCR gave a positive reaction except for the avian pox and the avian encephalomyelitis vaccines which were prepared from organ homogenates. "
3.	Intravenous Immunoglobulins (IVIG)FDA Link 09/01/2006 - "The progressive encephalomyelitis with rigidity was diagnosed and the patient was improved by IVIg associated with corticosteroid. " 11/01/2007 - "Severe steroid-resistant post-infectious encephalomyelitis: general features and effects of IVIg." 04/01/2002 - "Furthermore, IVIg promote remyelination in virus-induced experimental encephalomyelitis. " 02/01/2002 - "Experimental data in the model of murine Theiler's virus encephalomyelitis (TMEV) gave rise to the hypothesis that IVIg may also promote remyelination. " 01/01/2001 - "Controlled trials in multiple sclerosis (MS) and case reports in acute demyelinating encephalomyelitis (ADEM) have shown that intravenous immunoglobulins (IVIg) are of therapeutic benefit in central nervous system (CNS) inflammatory diseases. "
4.	AntibodiesIBA 09/01/2013 - "Accurate antemortem diagnosis of equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (EPM) based on detecting intrathecal antibodies against Sarcocystis neurona using the SnSAG2 and SnSAG4/3 ELISAs." 08/01/2006 - "Antibodies to infectious bronchitis virus, avian encephalomyelitis (AE) virus, Mycoplasma gallisepticum and Mycoplasma synoviae were detected. " 05/15/2004 - "However, antibodies against other Salmonella species, Mycoplasma gallisepticum, infectious bursal disease virus, infectious bronchitis virus, avian encephalomyelitis virus, chicken anaemia virus, infectious laryngotracheitis virus, and avian leukosis virus, subgroups A and B, and subgroup J were detected in a varying proportion of the flocks. " 01/20/2003 - "Reactivity against Sarcocystis neurona and Neospora by serum antibodies in healthy French horses from two farms with previous equine protozoal myeloencephalitis-like cases." 12/01/2001 - "In Israel in 1998, serum samples from horses suffering from encephalomyelitis had WNV antibodies and virus was isolated from the brain of a stork; in 1999 WNV was identified in commercial geese flocks, and in 2000 hundreds of human cases have been reported. "
5.	Amyloid (Amyloid Fibrils)IBA 10/19/2012 - "A single region, corresponding to residues 73-92 of HspB5, forms amyloid fibrils, exhibited chaperone activity, and was an effective therapeutic for encephalomyelitis. " 04/16/2007 - "The early and isoform-specific elevation of KPIAPP in autoimmune encephalomyelitis mice suggests a possible role for amyloid precursor protein in the immune response mediating the disease." 02/20/2003 - "A careful analysis of the immune response to immunization of amyloid precursor protein/transgenic (APP/Tg) mice with beta-amyloid (Abeta) may provide insights into why a subset of the patients in a clinical trial receiving Abeta-immunotherapy developed encephalomyelitis. " 01/01/2015 - "Self-Assembling Peptides Form Immune Suppressive Amyloid Fibrils Effective in Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis." 12/01/2011 - "Another application of pDNA is as a "DNA vaccine" to induce immunity against amyloid Aβ in AD, which requires a predominantly Th2 response to avoid autoimmune encephalomyelitis evoked by a Th1 response. "
6.	Viral RNAIBA 11/08/1991 - "However, in a SCID mouse model of persistent alphavirus encephalomyelitis, adoptive transfer of hyperimmune serum resulted in clearance of infectious virus and viral RNA from the nervous system, whereas adoptive transfer of sensitized T lymphocytes had no effect on viral replication. " 07/13/2001 - "In alphavirus encephalomyelitis, antibody clears infectious virus from neurons in all regions of the central nervous system (CNS), but CD8 T cells contribute to elimination of viral RNA. " 10/01/1988 - "Viral RNA was detected in the spinal cords of all mice with the late onset, demyelinating encephalomyelitis, but was distributed into three different patterns in the brains of these mice, even though all had the same clinical disease. " 10/01/1988 - "In the mice with acute encephalomyelitis, viral RNA was present in the mesencephalon, hypothalamus, hippocampus, basal ganglia, subcortical white matter, and thalamus. " 06/20/2003 - "Infection of weanling mice with Sindbis virus causes acute nonfatal encephalomyelitis followed by clearance of infectious virus, but persistence of viral RNA. "
7.	toltrazurilIBA 08/01/2009 - "Also, this improved formulation would allow clinicians to administer loading doses of toltrazuril sulfone in acute cases of Equine Protozoal Myeloencephalitis. " 01/01/2000 - "This study confirms that toltrazuril is absorbed in the horse after oral administration and reaches effective in vitro concentrations within the CSF of the horse after once-daily dosing of 5 or 7.5 mg/kg. Although these data suggest that toltrazuril may have clinical value in the treatment of equine protozoal myeloencephalitis, clinical efficacy remains to be confirmed using appropriate methods. "
8.	Adrenal Cortex Hormones (Corticosteroids)IBA 01/01/2012 - "Nevertheless, TPE is currently used in severe acute forms of demyelinating disease (multiple sclerosis/acute encephalomyelitis) unresponsive to corticosteroids. " 12/01/1991 - "The immunomodulatory action of corticosteroids and the ability of central noradrenergic systems to activate the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis led us to investigate the relationship between neuroendocrine status and the clinical course of encephalomyelitis (EAE) following adrenalectomy and depletion of noradrenaline (NA) centrally or peripherally. " 04/15/2013 - "Chronic lymphocytic inflammation with pontine perivascular enhancement responsive to steroids (CLIPPERS) has been described as a clinically and radiologically distinct pontine-predominant encephalomyelitis with a favorable response to high dose corticosteroids and usually requiring chronic immunosuppresive therapy. " 02/01/2010 - "The efficacy of high-dose corticosteroids, plasmapheresis, and intravenous immunoglobulins have been studied extensively in GBS, myasthenia gravis, and demyelinating disorders such as multiple sclerosis and acute demyelinating encephalomyelitis. " 01/01/2015 - "The efficacy of IVIG in children has been shown as first line treatment in Guillain-Barre syndrome, chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy, multifocal motor neuropathy, dermatomyositis as a second-line drug in the combination with prednisolone or immunosuppressors in patients refractory to treatment with corticosteroids and cytostatics, myasthenic crisis in myasthenia gravis, exacerbations and short-term treatment of severe forms, non-responsiveness to acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, multiple sclerosis as second or third line of treatment in patients with relapsing-remitting course with intolerance to standard immunomodulatory therapy, acute multiple encephalomyelitis with no response to the treatment with high doses of corticosteroids, paraneoplastic syndromes, pharmacoresistant epilepsy and autoimmune encephalitis. "
9.	1- (2- (1- adamantyl)ethyl)- 1- pentyl- 3- (3- (4- pyridyl)propyl)ureaIBA 01/01/2010 - "We recently demonstrated that SA13353, a transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) agonist, reduced the severity of the symptoms of kidney injury, arthritis, and encephalomyelitis in disease models. " 01/01/2012 - "We recently demonstrated that SA13353 (1-[2-(1-adamantyl)ethyl]-1-pentyl-3-[3-(4-pyridyl)propyl]urea), a novel TRPV1 agonist, inhibits tumor necrosis factor-a production by the activation of capsaicin-sensitive afferent neurons and reduces the severity of symptoms in kidney injury, lung inflammation, arthritis, and encephalomyelitis. "
10.	Proteins (Proteins, Gene)IBA 09/01/1998 - "We found vigorous T cell responses to BV8S2 determinants in naive mice that could be further potentiated by vaccination with heterologous BV8S2 proteins, resulting in the selective inhibition of MBP-specific Th1 cells and protection against experimental encephalomyelitis. " 11/01/1964 - "BIO- AND HISTOCHEMICAL STUDY OF NEURAXIAL PROTEINS IN EXPERIMENTAL ALLERGIC DEMYELINATING ENCEPHALOMYELITIS." 11/01/1963 - "[BIO- AND HISTOCHEMICAL STUDY OF NERVE FIBER PROTEINS (NEUROAXIAL) IN EXPERIMENTAL ALLERGIC DEMYELINATING ENCEPHALOMYELITIS]." 09/01/2014 - "These results may provide some insights into the genotype of the etiological agent responsible for the porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis outbreak and could also provide a comparative view of the genomics of the five structural proteins of PHEV." 07/15/1997 - "We have tested the feasibility of this novel technique by purifying proteins with molecular weights ranging from 19 to 100 kDa from a lysate of Sarcocystis neurona, the etiologic agent of equine protozoal myeloencephalitis. "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Thymectomy 02/01/1987 - "It was found that although thymectomy and, to a lesser extent, bursectomy decreased the severity of the experimental encephalomyelitis the combined procedure resulted in more severe inflammatory lesions. " 11/27/1980 - "Spontaneous remission of autoimmune encephalomyelitis is inhibited by splenectomy, thymectomy or ageing." 01/18/2011 - "Progressive encephalomyelitis with rigidity and myoclonus: resolution after thymectomy." 01/01/1987 - "Thymoadipectomized rats showed an almost normal ability to develop allergic encephalomyelitis, a finding that suggested that the potentiating influence of adipectomy on encephalomyelitis was neutralized by thymectomy. " 01/01/2011 - "Thymoma-associated progressive encephalomyelitis with rigidity and myoclonus successfully treated with thymectomy and intravenous immunoglobulin."
2.	Immunotherapy 03/01/2005 - "Immunotherapy of autoimmune encephalomyelitis with redirected CD4+CD25+ T lymphocytes." 02/01/1990 - "Reversal of autoimmune encephalomyelitis by membranes presenting myelin basic protein-associated class II MHC molecule as an approach to immunotherapy of organ-specific autoimmune diseases." 01/01/1981 - "[Immunotherapy of certain acute and chronic forms of neuroinfections (tick-borne encephalitis, multiple sclerosis, disseminated encephalomyelitis)]." 01/01/1981 - "As a result of using combined immunotherapy methods the authors have obtained positive results in treating 38 patients suffering from some acute and chronic neuroinfections (grave local forms of acute tick-borne encephalitis, progredient forms of the same encephalitis, disseminated sclerosis, disseminated encephalomyelitis). " 04/26/2015 - "In this review, we summarize recent studies examining the effectiveness of MSCs as immunotherapy in several widely-studied animal models, including type 1 diabetes, experimental autoimmune arthritis, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, inflammatory bowel disease, graft-vs-host disease, and systemic lupus erythematosus. "
3.	Oral Administration 01/01/2000 - "This study confirms that toltrazuril is absorbed in the horse after oral administration and reaches effective in vitro concentrations within the CSF of the horse after once-daily dosing of 5 or 7.5 mg/kg. Although these data suggest that toltrazuril may have clinical value in the treatment of equine protozoal myeloencephalitis, clinical efficacy remains to be confirmed using appropriate methods. " 01/01/2001 - "It was concluded that oral administration of ponazuril to healthy horses at 5 mg/kg provided concentrations of ponazuril in the CSF that are presumed to be adequate for the treatment of equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (EPM). " 11/15/1991 - "Oral administration of the autoantigens myelin basic protein and collagen type II suppresses experimental models of encephalomyelitis and arthritis. "
4.	Plasmapheresis 03/01/2000 - "We describe an eight year old girl with acute relapsing disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) who began to improve concomitantly with plasmapheresis therapy. " 09/01/1996 - "Progressive encephalomyelitis with rigidity responsive to plasmapheresis and immunosuppression." 07/01/1990 - "In 11 patients with paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration, the CSF/serum ratio of anti-Yo antibody varied between 0.74 and 63, with 8 of 11 patients having ratios substantially greater than 1. In 7 patients with paraneoplastic sensory neuronopathy-encephalomyelitis, the CSF/serum ratio of anti-Hu antibody varied from 0.6 to 44, with 6 of 7 patients having ratios greater than 1. Plasmapheresis reduced the level of the autoantibody in serum without affecting that in the CSF in 5 of 6 patients. " 02/01/2010 - "The efficacy of high-dose corticosteroids, plasmapheresis, and intravenous immunoglobulins have been studied extensively in GBS, myasthenia gravis, and demyelinating disorders such as multiple sclerosis and acute demyelinating encephalomyelitis. "
5.	Immunomodulation 09/01/2002 - "Nevertheless, evidence is emerging to suggest that SMS/SLS/PERM are manifestations of an immune-mediated chronic encephalomyelitis and immunomodulation is an effective therapeutic approach." 01/01/2015 - "The efficacy of IVIG in children has been shown as first line treatment in Guillain-Barre syndrome, chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy, multifocal motor neuropathy, dermatomyositis as a second-line drug in the combination with prednisolone or immunosuppressors in patients refractory to treatment with corticosteroids and cytostatics, myasthenic crisis in myasthenia gravis, exacerbations and short-term treatment of severe forms, non-responsiveness to acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, multiple sclerosis as second or third line of treatment in patients with relapsing-remitting course with intolerance to standard immunomodulatory therapy, acute multiple encephalomyelitis with no response to the treatment with high doses of corticosteroids, paraneoplastic syndromes, pharmacoresistant epilepsy and autoimmune encephalitis. "