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Encephalitis (Encephalitis, Rasmussen)

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Inflammation of the BRAIN due to infection, autoimmune processes, toxins, and other conditions. Viral infections (see ENCEPHALITIS, VIRAL) are a relatively frequent cause of this condition.

Also Known As:

Encephalitis, Rasmussen; Brain Inflammation; Encephalitis, Infectious; Infectious Encephalitis; Rasmussen Encephalitis; Rasmussen's Syndrome; Brain Inflammations; Encephalitides, Infectious; Infectious Encephalitides; Inflammation, Brain; Rasmussen Syndrome

Networked: 4680 relevant articles (224 outcomes, 332 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Infection
2.	Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)
3.	Measles
4.	Epilepsy (Aura)
5.	Seizures (Seizure)

Experts

1.	Dalmau, Josep: 77 articles (09/2015 - 02/2004)
2.	Vincent, Angela: 36 articles (11/2015 - 10/2006)
3.	Takahashi, Yukitoshi: 35 articles (08/2015 - 08/2003)
4.	Graus, Francesc: 24 articles (06/2015 - 08/2004)
5.	Dale, Russell C: 21 articles (09/2015 - 01/2004)
6.	Dalmau, J: 20 articles (06/2015 - 08/2000)
7.	Bien, Christian G: 19 articles (04/2015 - 03/2008)
8.	Gendelman, Howard E: 16 articles (09/2010 - 12/2002)
9.	Titulaer, Maarten J: 15 articles (09/2015 - 02/2013)
10.	Tanaka, Keiko: 15 articles (01/2015 - 12/2004)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Encephalitis:

1.	Acyclovir (Aciclovir)FDA LinkGeneric 11/01/1996 - "With early acyclovir treatment patients with the least severe HSVE were equivalent to those with non-HSV encephalitis with good outcome whereas those with the most severe non-HSV encephalitis were equivalent to those with HSVE with poor outcome." 02/01/1987 - "This report describes a child with herpes simplex virus (HSV) encephalitis who improved dramatically while being treated with acyclovir but subsequently had neurological deterioration and died. " 11/01/2008 - "The case report also suggests that acyclovir treatment might be beneficial for the long term outcome in adult EBV encephalitis patients." 09/01/2003 - "Management of herpes simplex virus encephalitis (HSE) has been considerably improved by the development of rapid polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays and by the use of intravenous acyclovir. " 01/01/2013 - "Despite improved therapy with intraveneous acyclovir, HSV-1 encephalitis is associated with persistent severe neurological deficits. "
2.	AntibodiesIBA 10/01/1997 - "Moreover, passive transfer of antipeptide antibodies conferred significant protection against fatal rodent-adapted MV-induced encephalitis in susceptible mice. " 01/01/2012 - "In the latter, encephalitis mediated by antibodies to molecules at cell-surface of neuron seems to have relatively better outcome. " 01/01/2007 - "Here, we show that long-term systemic administration of anti-APP beta-site antibodies to Tg2576 transgenic mice improved mouse cognitive functions associated with a reduction in both brain inflammation and the incidence of microhemorrhage. " 03/01/2006 - "Neutralizing anti-WNV antibodies have been shown to be crucial for protection against WNV encephalitis. " 05/25/2003 - "Passive transfer of anti-wtCPMV antibodies into BALB/c mice conferred partial protection against measles virus induced encephalitis. "
3.	N-Methylaspartate (NMDA)IBA 05/01/2014 - "Anti-N-methyl-d-aspartate (Anti-NMDA) receptor encephalitis: rapid and sustained clinical improvement with steroid therapy starting in the late phase." 08/01/2012 - "This patient with anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis had an uneventful pregnancy with overall good outcome; however, she experienced relapse soon after delivery. " 08/01/2015 - "Given the importance of time-sensitive treatment, more formal studies may illuminate the ideal first-line treatment for anti-NMDA receptor antibody encephalitis." 09/01/2014 - "We present a case of NMDA encephalitis in an elderly patient who responded well to immunosuppressive therapy." 09/01/2011 - "[Dramatic improvement in two cases of anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis after immunomodulating therapy]."
4.	Pyrimethamine (Daraprim)FDA Link 03/01/1994 - "Pyrimethamine as primary prophylaxis of toxoplasmic encephalitis in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus: open study." 02/01/1994 - "Primary prophylaxis with pyrimethamine for toxoplasmic encephalitis in patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus disease: results of a randomized trial. " 04/01/1998 - "Increased mortality has been observed when HIV-infected patients were treated with pyrimethamine (Pyr) as prophylaxis for toxoplasmic encephalitis, suggesting that Pyr might possess immunosuppressive activity. " 10/01/1995 - "Relapse of Toxoplasma encephalitis and susceptibility to pyrimethamine: lack of evidence of treatment-induced resistance." 03/01/1997 - "In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of pyrimethamine as primary prophylaxis for toxoplasmic encephalitis, the incidence of rash (per hundred patient-years) was 8.1 in the pyrimethamine group versus 1.5 in the placebo group (P < .0002). "
5.	AntigensIBA 02/28/1996 - "Previously, examination by brain biopsy was regarded as the gold standard for detecting the presence of virus or virus antigen in suspected cases of encephalitis caused by herpes simplex virus, but the extraction of the sample material requires experience, and is not without risk. " 01/01/2006 - "The present study is an attempt to standardize and evaluate the usefulness of SVC for the laboratory diagnosis of JE, WN and Den-2 encephalitis cases and to compare it with Indirect Immunofluorescence (IIF) technique that detects cell associated virus antigen. " 01/01/2014 - "It seems to conclude that anti-NMDAR encephalitis is one form of autoimmune synaptic encephalitis and that the antigen presenting tissue is ovary itself. " 02/01/2013 - "Noteworthy, 3 of these animals (2 striped dolphins and 1 bottlenose dolphin) showed immunohistochemical (IHC) and/or biomolecular (PCR) evidence of morbilliviral antigen and/or genome exclusively in their brain, with 1 striped dolphin and 1 bottlenose dolphin also exhibiting a non-suppurative encephalitis. " 01/01/2013 - " intracellular antigens are also involved in several forms of encephalitis. "
6.	VaccinesIBA 03/01/2000 - "Only recombinant SFV particles administered twice gave full protection against neuronal degeneration and encephalitis induced by two of the three challenge strains, and partial protection against the highly virulent strain, whereas the other vaccines tested gave lower levels of partial protection." 03/01/1999 - "This study suggests that the NYVAC-JEV and ALVAC-JEV vaccines are safe and immunogenic in monkeys and that the NYVAC-JEV and BIKEN vaccines are effective in protecting monkeys from encephalitis." 03/01/1999 - "This study demonstrates that the virus strain, route of inoculation, dose, and the outcome measure (encephalitis) are suitable for assessment of protective efficacy of candidate JE vaccines." 10/01/2009 - "Our results provide a benchmark for investigation of cellular inflammatory responses induced by attenuated flaviviruses in the CNS of primate hosts and provide insight into the neuropathogenesis of flavivirus encephalitis that might guide the development of safe and effective live-virus vaccines." 03/01/1981 - "In this study we have characterized the specific antibody responses in mice vaccinated with the three SFV vaccines and correlated them with the protection against SFV encephalitis. "
7.	Monoclonal AntibodiesIBA 01/01/1995 - "Monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) prepared against the yellow fever virus (YF) vaccine strain 17D (17D YF) envelope E protein were used to investigate Fc piece involvement in antibody-mediated protection against YF encephalitis in mice 17D YF passaged either in Vero cells or in mouse brain (P-YF) to increase neurovirulence was used. " 02/01/1995 - "In this study, infusions of anti-MHV neutralizing monoclonal antibodies were administered to protect mice from the MHV-JHM-induced acute encephalitis and to allow survival until virus spread to the spinal cord. " 01/01/2012 - "Seven monoclonal antibodies against five encephalitis-associated viruses were prepared and used for development of the ELISA-array. " 11/25/2008 - "Five dogs and four cats from Germany suffering from encephalitis revealed positive immunoreactivity using two West Nile virus (WNV) specific monoclonal antibodies in brain and in kidney. " 01/01/1995 - "Neutralizing F(ab')2 fragments of protective monoclonal antibodies to yellow fever virus (YF) envelope protein fail to protect mice against lethal YF encephalitis."
8.	Neutralizing AntibodiesIBA 09/15/2007 - "Immunization of young mice with JE-X/5'CprME(S) virus elicited neutralizing antibodies against JE Nakayama virus and conferred protection against encephalitis following challenge with JE Nakayama virus. " 11/01/2006 - "A 71.43% prevalence for neutralizing antibodies was found in domestic fowl in the homestead of a patient with encephalitis." 10/01/2003 - "Here we demonstrate that two closely related virus variants, both of which cause acute encephalitis in susceptible strains of mice, cause markedly different diseases if mice are protected with a suboptimal amount of an anti-JHM neutralizing antibody. " 03/01/2001 - "This demonstrates that a single neutralizing antibody expressed in the milk of transgenic mice is sufficient to completely protect suckling offspring against MHV-JHM-induced encephalitis." 02/17/1998 - "inoculation of Swiss mice with 10 or 10(3) PFU of either chimeric virus induced LGT neutralizing antibodies and resistance to fatal encephalitis caused by i.p. "
9.	Foscarnet FDA LinkGeneric 06/01/2011 - "A prospective, multicenter study was conducted to assess the safety and efficacy of preemptive therapy with foscarnet sodium (PFA) for the prevention of HHV-6 encephalitis. " 02/01/2013 - "Foscarnet against human herpesvirus (HHV)-6 reactivation after allo-SCT: breakthrough HHV-6 encephalitis following antiviral prophylaxis." 06/01/2011 - "Preemptive therapy of human herpesvirus-6 encephalitis with foscarnet sodium for high-risk patients after hematopoietic SCT." 05/01/1993 - "In conclusion, we show that foscarnet seems to be the drug of choice for the treatment of cytomegalovirus encephalitis, because it penetrates the blood-brain barrier and is found in the cerebrospinal fluid in virustatic concentrations. " 05/01/1993 - "Foscarnet penetrates the blood-brain barrier: rationale for therapy of cytomegalovirus encephalitis."
10.	Ganciclovir (Cytovene)FDA LinkGeneric 03/30/2007 - "Intravenous ganciclovir consistently induces remission of persistent Epstein-Barr encephalitis in an HIV-1-infected patient." 11/01/1994 - "Nevertheless, the management of CMV-related encephalitis appears to be problematic and data in the literature on the clinical efficacy of ganciclovir therapy is sparse and controversial. " 05/01/2011 - "Furthermore, MSCSA was successfully applied to study the development of drug resistance in a patient who developed encephalitis due to ganciclovir-resistant HCMV. " 07/01/2010 - "High-dose ganciclovir in HHV-6 encephalitis of an immunocompetent child." 07/01/2008 - "The present case indicates that prolonged disturbance of consciousness due to cytomegalovirus encephalitis could be restored with continuous ganciclovir administration."

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Immunotherapy 03/01/2014 - "Most patients improved with immunotherapy, but compared with anti-NMDAR encephalitis the demyelinating episodes required more intensive therapy and resulted in more residual deficits. " 08/15/2014 - "LGI1 encephalitis had a monophasic course and spontaneously improved, suggesting that a relatively benign natural course may contribute to the favorable outcome observed after immunotherapy. " 08/01/2003 - "Approved immunotherapies are only moderately effective in reducing disease exacerbations and brain inflammation in a subset of patients. " 04/01/2005 - "Active Abeta-based immunotherapies have shown promise in mouse AD models, but application in human trials was accompanied by moderate brain inflammation in a subset of patients. " 09/01/2014 - "Early initiation of immunotherapy in anti-NMDAR encephalitis has been found to improve patient outcomes. "
2.	Hemispherectomy 09/01/2011 - "[Three children with Rasmussen encephalitis showing marked improvement in daily life activity following the functional hemispherectomy]." 03/01/2006 - "To test more directly whether RIFG activation shifts in a potentially adaptive manner after left hemisphere injury, fMRI studies were performed in a patient prior to and following anatomical left hemispherectomy for the treatment of Rasmussen's encephalitis. " 04/01/2013 - " present a 9-year old boy who underwent a hemispherectomy for Rasmussen encephalitis. " 04/17/2007 - "Pathology after functional hemispherectomy showed chronic inflammatory features suggestive of Rasmussen encephalitis." 06/01/2005 - "We review the long-term follow-up for five children with Rasmussen's encephalitis who underwent a modification of functional hemispherectomy. "
3.	Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART) 07/01/2006 - "To our knowledge, no randomized trials have evaluated whether prophylaxis against toxoplasmic encephalitis can be safely discontinued after the CD4+ T cell count increases in response to highly active antiretroviral therapy. " 06/01/2004 - "Of five longitudinal studies carried out before and after the introduction of HAART, four studies showed a strong reduction of toxoplasmic encephalitis (TE) in HIV-positive persons under HAART, whereas in another study, no difference was observed in the incidence rate of TE before and after the introduction of HAART. " 04/01/2014 - "We describe the case of a 41-year-old man with opportunistic cryptococcal encephalitis who exhibited neurological and radiological deterioration during the course of HAART. " 04/01/2014 - "Toxoplasma encephalitis in an HIV-infected patient on highly active antiretroviral therapy despite sustained immune response." 04/15/2013 - "Neurovirological correlation with HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders and encephalitis in a HAART-era cohort."
4.	Aftercare (After-Treatment) 01/01/1993 - "For babies with encephalitis, the mortality has been reduced to approximately 15% and nearly 50% of survivors develop normally 3 years after treatment. " 11/01/1992 - "Protocols may be developed for the evaluation of new regimens for the treatment of acute encephalitis, the suppression of disease after treatment, or the prevention of reactivation before the onset of clinical disease. " 01/01/1985 - "These findings suggest that the brain invasion and encephalitis that occur after treatment in sleeping sickness must be considered an effect of the treatment. " 12/01/1982 - "In 2 of these animals, killed 2 weeks after treatment, the encephalitis presenting was incipient; the other 2 monkeys died as a result of severe encephalitis a little more than 2 and 3 months after treatment, respectively. " 09/01/2014 - "Development of LGI1 antibody encephalitis after treatment of lung cancer."
5.	Transplantation (Transplant Recipients) 10/01/2015 - "Recent large-scale studies and a prospective study showed a similar incidence of HHV-6 encephalitis development, with 7.9-9.9% in cord blood transplant recipients and 0.5-1.2% in bone marrow or peripheral blood stem cell transplant recipients. " 06/01/2014 - "Clinical trials of antiviral therapy are warranted for treatment and prevention of HHV-6B encephalitis after transplantation." 06/01/2013 - "This study aimed to verify the presence of encephalitis associated with HHV-6 positivity by antigenemia or polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in liver transplant recipients. " 05/01/2011 - "Additionally, 7 stem cell transplant recipients with HHV-6 encephalitis and eight adult controls were also enrolled in this study. " 08/01/2004 - "Physicians caring for transplant recipients hospitalized with naturally acquired WNV encephalitis provided data to characterize the clinical symptoms, results of diagnostic studies, and outcomes. "