Amniotic Fluid Embolism

Blocking of maternal circulation by AMNIOTIC FLUID that is forced into uterine VEINS by strong UTERINE CONTRACTION near the end of pregnancy. It is characterized by the sudden onset of severe respiratory distress and HYPOTENSION that can lead to maternal DEATH.

Also Known As:

Networked: 186 relevant articles (6 outcomes, 9 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation
2.	Shock
3.	Eclampsia
4.	Uterine Rupture
5.	Sepsis (Septicemia)

Experts

1.	Kanayama, Naohiro: 4 articles (07/2015 - 01/2011)
2.	Knight, Marian: 4 articles (01/2013 - 05/2010)
3.	Ikeda, Tomoaki: 3 articles (07/2015 - 01/2011)
4.	Fineschi, Vittorio: 3 articles (01/2015 - 03/2009)
5.	Kurinczuk, Jennifer J: 3 articles (01/2013 - 05/2010)
6.	Karnad, Dilip R: 2 articles (10/2015 - 10/2005)
7.	Guntupalli, Kalpalatha K: 2 articles (10/2015 - 10/2005)
8.	Kobayashi, Takao: 2 articles (08/2015 - 05/2007)
9.	Kobayashi, Hiroshi: 2 articles (08/2015 - 04/2014)
10.	Itoh, Hiroaki: 2 articles (07/2015 - 06/2014)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Amniotic Fluid Embolism:

1.	Heparin (Liquaemin)FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/1984 - "[Efficacy of heparin in experimental amniotic fluid embolism]." 01/01/1985 - "[Determination of the heparin dose for preventing thrombohemorrhagic complications caused by amniotic fluid embolism]." 12/29/1984 - "Heparin therapy in the primary phase of amniotic fluid embolism." 08/01/1984 - "[Favorable result of the use of heparin in 2 cases of amniotic fluid embolism]." 02/01/1969 - "Heparin treatment of amniotic fluid embolism."
2.	Ibuprofen (Motrin)FDA LinkGeneric 03/01/1997 - "In order to investigate whether amniotic fluid could induce the release of mediators from blood cells which would damage the lungs, an isolated perfused rabbit lung (IPRL) was exposed to amniotic fluid embolism-like plasma (AFEP) and the injury of AFEP to lungs and the protective effects of ibuprofen were studied. "
3.	fibrin fragment D (D-dimer)IBA 11/15/1975 - "The presence of D dimer in patient plasma suggested the efficacy of heparin in the management of haemorrhage associated with amniotic fluid embolism."
4.	Tryptases (Tryptase)IBA 03/01/2005 - "The autopsy revealed gross and microscopic findings of amniotic fluid embolism, which was confirmed with ancillary studies consisting of special stains, immunohistochemistry, and a serum tryptase level. " 01/01/1998 - "The diagnosis of amniotic fluid embolism: an immunohistochemical study for the quantification of pulmonary mast cell tryptase." 03/28/2002 - "A fatal case of amniotic fluid embolism with elevation of serum mast cell tryptase." 10/01/2001 - "Serum tryptase analysis in a woman with amniotic fluid embolism. " 01/01/1998 - "In this paper we have examined the presence and the pulmonary distribution of mast cell tryptase utilizing specific immunohistochemical studies and morphometric evaluation in six cases of fatal amniotic fluid embolism compared to six subjects who died following anaphylactic shock and two control groups (five and six cases respectively) of traumatic death. "
5.	AntigensIBA 03/01/1993 - "The purpose of this study was to determine whether amniotic fluid embolism could be detected by quantification of this antigen in maternal serum by means of an assay using antimucin monoclonal antibody TKH-2. " 08/01/2015 - "A search was conducted between 1966 and 2014 through the English-language literature (online MEDLINE PubMed database) using the keyword amniotic fluid embolism combined with anaphylaxis, anaphylactoid, complement activation, mast cells, fetal antigens, and idiosyncratic. " 09/01/1996 - "It has been recently suggested that amniotic fluid embolism is an anaphylactic reaction to fetal antigens. " 11/01/2011 - "Amniotic fluid embolism is no longer regarded as an embolic disease and the contamination of the salvaged blood by foetal Rh-mismatched red blood cells can be dealt with using anti-D immunoglobulin; ABO incompatibility tends to be a minor problem since ABO antigens are not fully developed at birth. " 04/01/2001 - "Serum tryptase and urinary histamine measurements were negative in women with amniotic fluid embolism; seven of nine had elevated levels of fetal antigen. "
6.	Acute fatty liver of pregnancyIBA 01/01/2013 - "UKOSS studies from which data on case women were obtained included amniotic fluid embolism, acute fatty liver of pregnancy, eclampsia, peripartum hysterectomy, therapies for peripartum haemorrhage and uterine rupture. " 01/01/2011 - "Included women had eclampsia, antenatal pulmonary embolism, amniotic fluid embolism, acute fatty liver of pregnancy or antenatal stroke. " 05/01/2007 - "The main associated conditions included abruptio placentae in 6 patients (24%), pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH) in 5 (20%), amniotic fluid embolism in 4 (16%), acute fatty liver of pregnancy (AFLP) in 4 (16%), and HELLP syndrome in 3 (12%). " 10/01/2005 - "Obstetric disorders causing coma and seizures include eclampsia, acute fatty liver of pregnancy, and amniotic fluid embolism. " 11/01/2015 - "Several important-albeit not necessarily common-obstetric disorders associated with DIC include placental abruption, amniotic fluid embolism, sepsis syndrome, and acute fatty liver of pregnancy. "
7.	Complement C1 Inhibitor Protein (C1 Esterase Inhibitor)IBA 06/01/2014 - "The purpose of this study was to determine C1 esterase inhibitor activity levels in amniotic fluid embolism. " 07/01/2015 - "We present the successful application of C1 esterase inhibitor (C1INH) concentrate to a patient with clinical amniotic fluid embolism (AFE). " 07/01/2015 - "Therapeutic application of C1 esterase inhibitor concentrate for clinical amniotic fluid embolism: a case report." 06/01/2014 - "C1 esterase inhibitor: a biomarker for amniotic fluid embolism?" 06/01/2014 - "These results demonstrated that low C1 esterase inhibitor activity levels were closely associated with the pathogenesis of amniotic fluid embolism suggesting that C1 esterase inhibitor activity levels have potential as a prognosis factor of amniotic fluid embolism."
8.	Fibrinogen (Factor I)FDA Link 11/17/1956 - "[Non-fatal amniotic fluid embolism with normal fibrinogen content]." 08/01/2015 - "It was less than 150 mg/dL after the first administration of fibrinogen concentrate only in patients with amniotic fluid embolism and patients with atonic bleeding showed the smallest increase in fibrinogen per gram of fibrinogen concentrate. " 10/01/1992 - "We present a study of fibrinogen levels in 133 patients who were prone to develop disseminated intravascular coagulation as a result of an underlying complication of pregnancy such as abruptio placentae, pregnancy-induced hypertension, missed abortion, septic abortion, intrauterine fetal death, vesicular mole and amniotic fluid embolism. "
9.	BradykininIBA 10/01/2005 - "This study suggests a potential role for bradykinin release in the pathophysiology of amniotic fluid embolism." 10/01/2005 - "The objective of this study was to assess whether bradykinin is involved in amniotic fluid embolism. " 10/01/2005 - "The plasma bradykinin-generating capacity was measured serially in a patient who experienced amniotic fluid embolism. " 10/01/2005 - "An exaggerated release of bradykinin, which is activated by products of the amniotic fluid that enter the maternal circulation, could explain the symptoms that are present in amniotic fluid embolism. " 10/01/2005 - "The syndrome of amniotic fluid embolism: a potential contribution of bradykinin."
10.	Dacarbazine (DIC)FDA LinkGeneric 02/01/1983 - "Amniotic fluid embolism (AFE) associated with disseminated intravascular clotting (DIC) is usually fatal. " 04/01/1981 - "Survival from DIC following amniotic fluid embolism. " 01/26/2009 - "We here report a case of a patient who survived without any sequelae after two cardiac arrests and subsequent DIC due to amniotic fluid embolism during a caesarean section. " 01/26/2009 - "Amniotic fluid embolism is a rare unpredictable complication of pregnancy with high maternal morbidity and mortality rates because of the risk of cardio-respiratory collapse and/or disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). " 04/01/1985 - "The thromboplastic activity of amniotic fluid (AF) from women in labor may be a significant factor in amniotic fluid embolism (AFE) and obstetric disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Cesarean Section (Caesarean Section) 08/01/2012 - "Potential risk factors of developing amniotic fluid embolism were maternal age >30, multiparity (OR 3.3, 95% CI 1.02-10.5), cesarean section (OR 1.3, 95% CI 0.3-5.2) and induction of labor (OR 2.1, 95% CI 2.1-6.1). " 01/01/2011 - "We report a case of amniotic fluid embolism (AFE) after cesarean section (C/S). " 12/01/2010 - "Amniotic fluid embolism that took place during an emergent Cesarean section -A case report-." 04/01/2010 - "Here, we report a case of RPLS occurring in a 30-year-old-mother with a presumed amniotic fluid embolism subsequent to delivery by cesarean section. " 01/01/2010 - "We present a case of presumed amniotic fluid embolism in a 33-year-old parturient at 30 weeks of gestation, which occurred just before she was due to receive spinal anaesthesia for urgent caesarean section. "
2.	Resuscitation 07/01/2011 - "Amniotic fluid embolism is life threatening and difficult to predict or prevent condition, which should be always be kept in mind in a parturient with sudden cardiovascular collapse, so that resuscitation commences immediately, as early intervention is essential for a positive outcome. " 12/01/2013 - "[Prompt resuscitation by obstetric anesthesiologists saved a parturient with amniotic fluid embolism: a case report]." 08/01/2011 - "Successful recovery from delayed amniotic fluid embolism with prolonged cardiac resuscitation." 06/01/2010 - "Successful resuscitation of an obstetric patient with suspected amniotic fluid embolism--case report." 04/14/2001 - "[Complicated but successful resuscitation after amniotic fluid embolism]."
3.	General Anesthesia 04/01/2008 - "Amniotic fluid embolism presenting after uterine manipulation under general anesthesia: a case with a positive outcome." 09/01/1977 - "Diagnosis of amniotic fluid embolism is difficult in a patient under general anesthesia and may initially resemble several other conditions. "
4.	Hysterectomy 11/01/2015 - "Severe maternal morbidity (amniotic fluid embolism, placenta accreta, peripartum hysterectomy, eclampsia or pulmonary embolism). " 03/01/1996 - "From experiences in recent years and study of the literature the following recommendations can be summarized; (1) the need to understand (patho)physiologic changes in pregnancy, (2) cultivation of an anticipative attitude towards conditions with elevated risks, (3) adequate knowledge of diagnostic procedures, (4) the discipline to make a differential diagnosis, (5) experience with monitoring of (fetal and) maternal condition, (6) availability of management protocols for emergencies such as shock, eclampsia, uterine rupture, amniotic fluid embolism, thrombo-embolism, sepsis and diabetic ketoacidosis, (7) awareness of pitfalls with inspection of lesions and assessment of blood loss, (8) awareness that caesarean section without prior stabilization can be a life threatening procedure, (9) practice in life-saving measures such as uterine compression, packing, ligation of vessels, postpartum hysterectomy, (10) teaching of postoperative care, (11) insight into the cascade of events finally leading to multi-organ failure. " 12/01/2007 - "Composites of major morbidity possibly attributable to surgery:death, sepsis, cardiac arrest, shock, hypotension, ileus or bowel obstruction,major puerperal infection, septic or fat embolism, postpartum hemorrhage requiring hysterectomy, need for cardiopulmonary resuscitation, or another operation; and all major morbidity: major surgical morbidity, acute coronary syndrome, endocarditis, pulmonary edema, cerebrovascular disorder, pneumothorax, respiratory failure, amniotic fluid embolism, complications of anesthesia, deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, acute renal failure, and need for mechanical ventilation. " 01/01/2013 - "UKOSS studies from which data on case women were obtained included amniotic fluid embolism, acute fatty liver of pregnancy, eclampsia, peripartum hysterectomy, therapies for peripartum haemorrhage and uterine rupture. "
5.	Postoperative Care 03/01/1996 - "From experiences in recent years and study of the literature the following recommendations can be summarized; (1) the need to understand (patho)physiologic changes in pregnancy, (2) cultivation of an anticipative attitude towards conditions with elevated risks, (3) adequate knowledge of diagnostic procedures, (4) the discipline to make a differential diagnosis, (5) experience with monitoring of (fetal and) maternal condition, (6) availability of management protocols for emergencies such as shock, eclampsia, uterine rupture, amniotic fluid embolism, thrombo-embolism, sepsis and diabetic ketoacidosis, (7) awareness of pitfalls with inspection of lesions and assessment of blood loss, (8) awareness that caesarean section without prior stabilization can be a life threatening procedure, (9) practice in life-saving measures such as uterine compression, packing, ligation of vessels, postpartum hysterectomy, (10) teaching of postoperative care, (11) insight into the cascade of events finally leading to multi-organ failure. "