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Filarial Elephantiasis (Lymphatic Filariasis)

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Parasitic infestation of the human lymphatic system by WUCHERERIA BANCROFTI or BRUGIA MALAYI. It is also called lymphatic filariasis.

Also Known As:

Lymphatic Filariasis; Elephantiasis, Filarial; Bancroftian Elephantiases; Elephantiases, Bancroftian; Elephantiases, Filarial; Filarial Elephantiases; Filariases, Lymphatic; Lymphatic Filariases; Bancroftian Elephantiasis; Elephantiasis, Bancroftian; Filariasis, Lymphatic

Networked: 571 relevant articles (32 outcomes, 69 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Infection
2.	Onchocerciasis
3.	Filariasis
4.	Scabies (Sarcoptic Mange)
5.	Yellow Fever

Experts

1.	Nutman, Thomas B: 19 articles (05/2015 - 01/2003)
2.	Das, P K: 16 articles (03/2013 - 03/2000)
3.	Kaliraj, Perumal: 14 articles (06/2015 - 01/2002)
4.	Hoti, S L: 10 articles (02/2015 - 09/2003)
5.	Hoerauf, Achim: 10 articles (08/2013 - 11/2003)
6.	Weil, Gary J: 9 articles (05/2015 - 02/2004)
7.	Simonsen, Paul E: 9 articles (01/2014 - 03/2002)
8.	Babu, Subash: 8 articles (04/2015 - 04/2006)
9.	Bockarie, Moses J: 8 articles (01/2015 - 02/2008)
10.	Molyneux, David H: 8 articles (01/2015 - 02/2006)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Filarial Elephantiasis:

1.	Ivermectin (Mectizan)FDA Link 05/02/1996 - " Field trials show that ivermectin is also effective against lymphatic filariasis and Mansonella ozzardi. " 05/01/1996 - "Ivermectin has been reported to be effective for control of lymphatic Filariasis. " 12/01/1991 - "These results suggest that single dose therapy with either DEC or ivermectin is safe and effective for prevention of lymphatic filariasis due to Wuchereria bancrofti in French Polynesia. " 10/01/1993 - "The use of ivermectin in lymphatic filariasis (both bancroftian and brugian) has been recently explored in several studies. " 01/01/1989 - "[A study of ivermectin in the treatment of lymphatic filariasis due to Wuchereria bancrofti var. pacifica in French Polynesia]."
2.	Diethylcarbamazine (Hetrazan)FDA Link 07/01/2008 - "Diethylcarbamazine (DEC) has been proven to be highly effective against lymphatic filariasis, although its effect on vertebrate cells remains uncertain. " 11/01/2006 - "Diethylcarbamazine (DEC) had been proved to be highly effective against lymphatic filariasis, however its effect on vertebrate cells remains uncertain. " 03/01/1998 - "Diethylcarbamazine (DEC) was discovered in 1947 as a potent therapeutic agent in lymphatic filariasis and has been a mainstay of antifilarial therapy over the past five decades (R. " 03/01/2005 - "Tolerability and efficacy of a three-age class dosage schedule of Diethylcarbamazine citrate (DEC) in the treatment of microfilaria carriers of Wuchereria bancrofti and its implications in mass drug administration (MDA) strategy for elimination of lymphatic filariasis (LF)." 01/01/1998 - "Efficacy of five annual single doses of diethylcarbamazine for treatment of lymphatic filariasis in Fiji."
3.	Doxycycline (Vibramycin)FDA LinkGeneric 02/01/2013 - "A 30-day course of doxycycline and ABZ in combination is a safe and well-tolerated treatment for lymphatic filariasis with significant activity against microfilaremia." 06/18/2005 - "An 8-week course of doxycycline is a safe and well-tolerated treatment for lymphatic filariasis with significant activity against adult worms and microfilaraemia." 05/01/2008 - "The efficacy of doxycycline for treating the causal agent of human lymphatic filariasis, Brugia malayi, is unknown. " 06/18/2005 - "We used this strategy to investigate the effects of doxycycline treatment on the major cause of lymphatic filariasis, Wuchereria bancrofti. " 12/01/2008 - "Chemotherapy against filarial Wolbachia endosymbionts with doxycycline showed higher antiparasitic efficacy in onchocerciasis and lymphatic filariasis and also improved disease. "
4.	AntigensIBA 02/01/2009 - "Evaluation of immunoprophylactic efficacy of Brugia malayi transglutaminase (BmTGA) in single and multiple antigen vaccination with BmALT-2 and BmTPX for human lymphatic filariasis." 12/01/2013 - "Although multiple vaccine strategy for lymphatic filariasis has provided tremendous hope, the choice of antigens used in combination has determined its success in the previous studies. " 07/01/2012 - "Our findings suggest that BmTPX may be a suitable antigen candidate for lymphatic filariasis, but a further study is still required." 01/01/2011 - "As part of efforts to initiate lymphatic filariasis elimination activities in Benue State, this study employed the use of lymphatic filariasis-related clinical signs as rapid diagnostic features, immunochromatographic card test (ICT) to detect circulating filarial antigen (CFA) and questionnaire to investigate community perceptions and beliefs. " 02/01/2008 - "Mass drug administration trial to eliminate lymphatic filariasis in Papua New Guinea: changes in microfilaremia, filarial antigen, and Bm14 antibody after cessation."
5.	Albendazole (Albenza)FDA Link 01/01/2007 - "We detail the design of a study to monitor the safety of including albendazole to an existing treatment regimen to eliminate lymphatic filariasis. " 01/01/2005 - "Randomized and quasi-randomized controlled trials of albendazole alone or combined with another antifilarial drug for treating individuals with lymphatic filariasis, or for reducing transmission in endemic communities. " 01/01/2004 - "Randomized and quasi-randomized controlled trials of albendazole singly or in combination with anti-filarial drugs in people or populations with lymphatic filariasis. " 12/01/2002 - "In recent years there have been several published studies on lymphatic filariasis and on the impact of albendazole treatment on growth and nutrition. " 02/01/2015 - "Decline in lymphatic filariasis transmission with annual mass drug administration using DEC with and without albendazole over a 10year period in India."
6.	PeroxiredoxinsIBA 06/01/2011 - "Although the antioxidant thioredoxin peroxidase (TPX) is a putative target exploited in vaccine studies of lymphatic filariasis, the high sequence homology with host peroxiredoxins remains a great concern. " 07/01/2012 - "Brugia malayi thioredoxin peroxidase as a potential vaccine candidate antigen for lymphatic filariasis." 02/01/2009 - "An attempt was made to study the immunoprophylactic efficacy of recombinant Brugia malayi transglutaminase (BmTGA) as protein vaccine along with two other recombinant proteins, Brugia malayi abundant larval transcript-2 (BmALT-2) and Brugia malayi thioredoxin peroxidase (BmTPX), in single and multiple antigen form for human lymphatic filariasis. "
7.	TabletsIBA 06/01/2006 - "At the end of this campaign about 30% more people (than pre-campaign) believed that lymphatic filariasis could be eliminated and many of those targeted considered lymphatic filariasis to be a dreadful disease, knew that a particular day had been designated "Filaria Day", and thought that the tablets offered in MDA should be consumed to prevent or eliminate the disease. " 03/01/2015 - "A recent review by Babu and Babu of 36 studies of MDA for lymphatic filariasis in India found that coverage, defined as receipt of tablets, ranged from 48.8 to 98.8%, while compliance, defined as actual ingestion of tablets, was 22% lower on average. " 06/01/2011 - "Diethylcarbamazinecitrate (DEC) salt in conjunction with annual single-dose mass drug administration (MDA) with DEC tablets can be considered as potential option to hasten the process of Lymphatic Filariasis (LF) elimination. " 12/01/2012 - "During 2004, the country launched campaign of Elimination of Lymphatic Filariasis through Mass Drug Administration (MDA) with annual single dose of 6 mg/kg body weight of DEC tablets in all LF endemic districts including Surat city. " 03/01/2011 - "Mass drug administration (MDA) for lymphatic filariasis elimination is a strategy of administering Diethylcarbamazine (DEC) tablets to all individuals above 2 years of age annually. "
8.	Recombinant ProteinsIBA 11/01/1996 - "The diagnosis was established clinically and by demonstrating the presence of antibodies to recombinant proteins specific for patients with lymphatic filariasis. " 02/01/2009 - "An attempt was made to study the immunoprophylactic efficacy of recombinant Brugia malayi transglutaminase (BmTGA) as protein vaccine along with two other recombinant proteins, Brugia malayi abundant larval transcript-2 (BmALT-2) and Brugia malayi thioredoxin peroxidase (BmTPX), in single and multiple antigen form for human lymphatic filariasis. "
9.	Virulence Factors (Pathogenicity Factors)IBA 06/01/2009 - "This study, thus, might be helpful for a better understanding of host-parasite interaction and identification of appropriate virulence factors that may be targeted as vaccine and/or drug targets against lymphatic filariasis."
10.	InsecticidesIBA 04/01/2015 - "Many insecticides are generally used as larvicides to control Culex pipiens, vector of lymphatic filariasis. " 03/01/2012 - "Conventional insecticides are generally used as larvicides to control Culex quinquefasciatus, vector of lymphatic filariasis. " 01/01/1998 - "Useful data for the use and management of insecticides within the strategies of control of Culex quinquefasciatus, an important vector of lymphatic filariasis, are provided." 01/01/2015 - "Among mosquitoes, Culex quinquefasciatus transmits lymphatic filariasis, yellow fever Japanese encephalitis etc. Application of chemical insecticides is still the best option for vector control programmes. " 03/01/2014 - "The studywould be of great importance while formulating the control strategy, for vectors of malaria, dengue and lymphatic filariasis, based on alternative plant based insecticides in this semi-arid region."

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Drug Therapy (Chemotherapy) 01/01/2012 - "The aim of this study was to elucidate the roles of knowledge related to lymphatic filariasis (LF), contributions of taking roles in community activities to eradicate LF and participation in traditional village forums in adherence to mass drug administration (MDA) in a preventive chemotherapy program targeted at the community residents. " 01/01/2015 - "Many countries have made significant progress in the implementation of World Health Organization recommended preventive chemotherapy strategy, to eliminate lymphatic filariasis (LF). " 01/01/2014 - "Perceptive solutions to anti-filarial chemotherapy of lymphatic filariasis from the plethora of nanomedical sciences." 09/01/2013 - "The strategy adopted by a global program to interrupt transmission of lymphatic filariasis (LF) is mass drug administration (MDA) using chemotherapy. " 05/01/2013 - "Currently emphasized conventional chemotherapies for the elimination of lymphatic filariasis (LF) are imperfect due to unfocused targeting of poorly water-soluble antifilarial drugs. "
2.	Activities of Daily Living (ADL) 01/01/2015 - "Episodes of acute adenolymphangitis (ADL) are often the first clinical sign of lymphatic filariasis (LF). " 09/01/2011 - "Identification of communities with people that could benefit from adenolymphangitis (ADL) and lymphoedema morbidity management within Lymphatic Filariasis Elimination Programmes (NLFEP) in many African countries is a major challenge to programme managers. " 05/19/2005 - "As the loss due to these ADL episodes is substantial, it should be considered while further estimating the burden due to lymphatic filariasis. " 10/01/2004 - "Repeated attacks of adenolymphangitis (ADL) contribute significantly to the progression of chronic lymphoedema in lymphatic filariasis. " 12/01/2003 - "To determine the economic loss in terms of treatment costs and loss of productive time because of acute episodes of adenolymphangitis (ADL) caused by lymphatic filariasis (LF) in a rural population of coastal Orissa, India. "
3.	Combination Drug Therapy (Combination Chemotherapy) 03/01/2000 - "Both ivermectin and combination treatment thus appeared effective and safe for treatment of lymphatic filariasis, but the difference in efficacy was minor and the study did not provide clear evidence for the combination drug therapy, as compared to ivermectin therapy alone, to be superior for control of lymphatic filariasis."
4.	Therapeutics 01/01/2014 - "Lymphatic filariasis, a global cause of morbidity needs much more attention in developing potent therapeutics that can be effective against both microfilariae (mf) and adults. " 01/01/2012 - "Glutathione-S-transferase(s) (GST) enzyme from Brugia malayi has been exploited as a target in lymphatic filariasis therapeutics. "
5.	Bandages (Bandage) 04/01/1982 - "[A preliminary study on the changes in pathology and histochemistry of affected limbs in filarial elephantiasis after the treatment with the baking-bandage method and hetrazan]."