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Dyslexia (Alexia)

A cognitive disorder characterized by an impaired ability to comprehend written and printed words or phrases despite intact vision. This condition may be developmental or acquired. Developmental dyslexia is marked by reading achievement that falls substantially below that expected given the individual's chronological age, measured intelligence, and age-appropriate education. The disturbance in reading significantly interferes with academic achievement or with activities of daily living that require reading skills. (From DSM-IV)

Also Known As:

Alexia; Reading Disorder; Developmental Dyslexia; Alexias; Developmental Reading Disability; Reading Disorder, Developmental; Developmental Reading Disorder; Word Blindness; Blindness, Word; Blindnesses, Word; Developmental Dyslexias; Developmental Reading Disabilities; Developmental Reading Disorders; Disabilities, Developmental Reading; Disability, Developmental Reading; Disorder, Developmental Reading; Disorder, Reading; Disorders, Developmental Reading; Disorders, Reading; Dyslexias; Dyslexias, Developmental; Reading Disabilities, Developmental; Reading Disorders; Reading Disorders, Developmental; Word Blindnesses; Dyslexia, Developmental; Reading Disability, Developmental

Networked: 335 relevant articles (7 outcomes, 64 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder)
2.	Agraphia (Dysgraphia)
3.	Learning Disorders (Learning Disability)
4.	Aphasia (Dysphasia)
5.	Dyslexia (Alexia)

Experts

1.	Kere, Juha: 9 articles (11/2015 - 09/2003)
2.	Lyytinen, Heikki: 7 articles (07/2015 - 01/2003)
3.	Matsson, Hans: 5 articles (11/2015 - 03/2007)
4.	Kiese-Himmel, C: 5 articles (03/2011 - 07/2009)
5.	Monaco, Anthony P: 5 articles (12/2010 - 03/2008)
6.	Richardson, A J: 5 articles (08/2007 - 07/2000)
7.	Peyrard-Janvid, Myriam: 4 articles (11/2015 - 03/2007)
8.	Nopola-Hemmi, Jaana: 4 articles (07/2015 - 09/2003)
9.	Nöthen, Markus M: 4 articles (07/2015 - 03/2007)
10.	Valdois, Sylviane: 4 articles (01/2013 - 12/2009)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Dyslexia:

1.	atomoxetine (Strattera)FDA LinkGeneric 11/01/2013 - "The atomoxetine-treated dyslexia-only subjects significantly improved from baseline to week 32 on ADHDRS-IV-Parent:Inv Inattentive subscale, K-SCT Parent and Teacher subscales, and WMTB-C Phonological Loop and Central Executive component scores. " 11/01/2013 - "At week 16, atomoxetine treatment resulted in significant (p<0.05) improvement from baseline in subjects with ADHD+D versus placebo on ADHDRS-IV-Parent:Inv Total (primary outcome) and subscales, ADHDRS-IV-Teacher-Version Inattentive subscale, K-SCT Interview Parent and Teacher subscales, and WMTB-C Central Executive component scores; in subjects with Dyslexia-only, atomoxetine versus placebo significantly improved K-SCT Youth subscale scores from baseline. " 01/01/2009 - "Though limited by small sample size, group differences in relation to the comparable changes in improvement in ADHD symptoms could suggest that brain systems related to the therapeutic benefit of atomoxetine in reducing ADHD symptoms may be different in individuals with ADHD+D and ADHD without dyslexia. " 11/01/2013 - "Atomoxetine treatment improved ADHD symptoms in subjects with ADHD+D and ADHD-only, but not in subjects with dyslexia-only without ADHD. " 11/01/2013 - "Children and adolescents (10-16 years of age) with ADHD+D (n=124), dyslexia-only (n=58), or ADHD-only (n=27) received atomoxetine (1.0-1.4 mg/kg/day) or placebo (ADHD-only subjects received atomoxetine) in a 16 week, acute, randomized, double-blind trial with a 16 week, open-label extension phase (atomoxetine treatment only). "
2.	Efamol (evening primrose oil)IBA 01/01/2000 - "In the preliminary studies reported here, dark adaptation was shown to be impaired in 10 dyslexic young adults when compared with a similar control group (P < 0.05, repeated-measures analysis of variance); dark adaptation improved in 5 dyslexia patients after supplementation with a docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)-rich fish oil for 1 mo (P < 0.05, paired t test on final rod threshold); and movement skills in a group of 15 dyspraxic children improved after 4 mo of supplementation with a mixture of high-DHA fish oil, evening primrose oil, and thyme oil (P < 0.007 for manual dexterity, P < 0.02 for ball skills, and P < 0.03 for static and dynamic balance; paired t tests). "
3.	Anticonvulsants (Antiepileptic Drugs)IBA 11/01/2011 - "Antiepileptic drugs improved his alexia with agraphia for kanji. "
4.	Temazepam (Nocturne)FDA LinkGeneric 08/01/2013 - "This study lends support to the idea that planum temporale asymmetry is altered in children with developmental dyslexia. " 08/01/2013 - "This study examined the asymmetry of the planum temporale in 29 children who met criteria for dyslexia and 26 children whose reading was unimpaired. " 11/01/2006 - "Postmortem and in vivo imaging studies have linked dyslexia to abnormalities in the structures associated with the parietal operculum (PO) (e.g., planum temporale, supramarginal gyrus, and angular gyrus). " 10/01/2001 - "In dyslexia, anatomic imaging studies demonstrate an abnormal symmetry of the planum temporale. " 01/01/2000 - "A reduction or reversal of the normal leftward asymmetry of the planum temporale (PT) has been claimed to be typical of dyslexia, although some recent studies have challenged this view. "
5.	Carbon MonoxideIBA 11/01/2015 - "We identified a two-base mutation, causing a p.R229L amino acid substitution in the centrosomal protein 63 kDa (CEP63), co-segregating with developmental dyslexia in this pedigree. " 11/01/2015 - "Mutation in CEP63 co-segregating with developmental dyslexia in a Swedish family." 01/01/2014 - "Neglect dyslexia in spatial neglect after right hemisphere damage may co-occur with, or be dissociated from, other spatial neglect signs. " 01/01/2014 - "The effect of auditory pacing on period stability and temporal consistency in children with and without dyslexia co-existing motor dysfunction." 03/01/2013 - "No mutation or polymorphism co-segregating with dyslexia was found. "
6.	pamidronate (APD)FDA LinkGeneric 12/01/2009 - "This study examined the hypothesis that the underlying cause of APD is a modality-specific deficit in auditory temporal processing and also considered how far the auditory impairments in APD differ from those in children with dyslexia. " 06/01/2010 - "Children with an APD diagnosis (N=25) were compared with children with dyslexia (N=19) on a battery of standardised auditory processing, language, literacy and non-verbal intelligence quotient measures as well as parental report measures of communicative skill and listening behaviour. " 05/01/2010 - "Three clinical groups (n=49 with monosymptomatic APD; n=29 with APD+developmental language impairment; n=14 with APD+developmental dyslexia); two control groups (n=13 typically developing peers without any clinical developmental disorder; n=10 children with slight reduced nonverbal intelligence). " 03/01/2010 - "A component of auditory processing, specifically the auditory performance in competing acoustic signals, seems to be deficient in all three groups, and laterality of hemispheric functions influenced at least for auditory-language stimuli in the two of the three groups, one being adults with dyslexia and the other being adults with comorbidity of dyslexia and APD." 03/01/2010 - "Results exhibit a right hemispheric dominance for the control and APD group, a left hemispheric dominance for the group diagnosed with both dyslexia and APD, and absence of dominance for the dyslexia group. "
7.	Piracetam (Nootropil)IBA 01/01/2009 - "Forty children with dyslexia, aged 7-12 years, have been randomized into two groups in an open controlled study: 18 of them received Nootropil (piracetam) in the dose of 100 mg/kg daily for 2 months and 22 were examined as a control group. " 11/01/1991 - "Results are discussed in relation to findings from previous studies of piracetam in children with dyslexia." 11/01/1991 - "A trial of piracetam in two subgroups of students with dyslexia enrolled in summer tutoring." 01/01/2009 - "Nootropil exerted positive effects on reading and spelling skills in 56% of children with dyslexia who demonstrated the improvement of fluency and accuracy of reading along with a significant decrease of specific errors (dysphonemic and visuospatial) in dictation. " 01/01/2009 - "[Dyslexia: clinical, neurophysiological and neuropsychological manifestations during the treatment with nootropil]."
8.	Protons (Proton)IBA 09/01/2015 - "Diffusion (TR=5300ms, TE=95ms, b=1000s/mm2, resolution=1.56x1.56x3 mm3), T1 (TR=2200ms, TE=2.96, resolution=1x1x1mm3) and proton density (PD) weighted images (TR=2970ms, TE=22ms, resolution=0.75x0.75x1mm3) were acquired in 12 subjects with dyslexia and 12 controls. " 01/01/2015 - "Using high-resolution proton-density weighted MRI scans, we precisely measured the anatomical boundaries of the LGN in 13 subjects with dyslexia (five female) and 13 controls (three female), all 22-26 years old. " 11/01/2002 - "We repeated a proton echo-planar spectroscopic imaging (PEPSI) study to test the hypothesis that children with dyslexia and good readers differ in brain lactate activation during a phonologic judgment task before but not after instructional treatment. " 05/01/2000 - "The purpose of this study was to measure the effect of a phonologically driven treatment for dyslexia on brain lactate response to language stimulation as measured by proton MR spectroscopic imaging. " 05/01/2000 - "Effects of a phonologically driven treatment for dyslexia on lactate levels measured by proton MR spectroscopic imaging."
9.	dicarboxydine (DCD)IBA 08/01/2008 - "This preliminary study examined a cohort of 115 students currently in further or higher education in order to compare and contrast similarities and differences in three subgroups: those with a diagnosis of DCD, a second group with DCD and dyslexia and a third group with dyslexia only. " 10/01/2015 - "There is increasing evidence to suggest that developmental dyslexia (DD) and developmental coordination disorder (DCD) actually form part of a broader disorder. " 04/01/2006 - "Theory and experimental evidence support a role for omega-3 in ADHD, dyslexia, developmental coordination disorder (DCD) and autism. " 10/01/2015 - "The aim is to assess repetition-based learning of procedures in children with developmental coordination disorder (DCD), reading disorder (RD) and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). " 04/09/2007 - "All 8 DCD children, 5 of the 6 children with comorbid DCD and dyslexia and 10 of the 14 dyslexic children showed an impaired rate of adaptation, thereby providing strong evidence of impaired cerebellar function in DCD and developmental dyslexia. "
10.	Silver Sulfadiazine (SSD)FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/2014 - "Although research has demonstrated that children with specific language impairment (SLI) and reading disorder (RD) exhibit sustained attention deficits, no study has investigated sustained attention in children with speech sound disorder (SSD). " 01/01/2007 - "Genetic studies have raised the possibility of common bases for cognitive linguistic disorders such as speech sound disorder (SSD), reading disorder (RD) and language impairment (LI). " 04/01/2015 - "Our findings expand the literature showing genetic factors (e.g., DYX2) contributing to multiple related, yet distinct neurocognitive domains (e.g., dyslexia, language impairment, and SSD). " 04/01/2015 - "To identify associated genes, we assessed the association of the DYX2 dyslexia risk locus and markers in neurochemical signaling genes (e.g., nicotinic and dopaminergic) with SSD and related endophenotypes. " 06/01/2007 - "The authors review the neuropsychology, brain bases, and genetics of three related disorders of language development: reading disability, or developmental dyslexia (RD); language impairment (LI); and speech sound disorder (SSD). "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Lenses 03/01/2001 - "Tinted lenses have been widely publicized as a successful new treatment for reading disorders and visual stress in children. " 01/01/2015 - "Use of coloured overlays and lenses are unlikely to help children with dyslexia, study finds." 10/01/2001 - "This study was designed to address a perceived major flaw in past studies investigating tinted lenses and dyslexia; i.e., the lack of a direct, scientifically validated means of diagnosing the type and severity of dyslexia. " 10/01/1999 - "Application of ChromaGen haploscopic lenses to patients with dyslexia: a double-masked, placebo-controlled trial." 12/01/1999 - "There was a preponderance of lenses with a rose or purple colour, in contrast to patients with dyslexia. "
2.	Aftercare (After-Treatment) 07/22/2003 - "Treatment was associated with improved reading scores and increased brain activation during both tasks, such that quantity and pattern of activation for children with dyslexia after treatment closely resembled that of controls. " 06/01/2008 - "Educational testing and brain activation measured after treatment suggested that the reading intervention used in the present study rehabilitated several basic level reading processes in all participants diagnosed with dyslexia. " 11/01/2007 - "Functional MRI activation in children with and without dyslexia during pseudoword aural repeat and visual decode: before and after treatment." 08/01/1995 - "The analysis of reading eye movements in 20 patients, who were treated for their hemianopic reading disorder, revealed, in part, a normalization of the eye movement pattern after treatment, indicating that the lost parafoveal field region can be successfully substituted by oculomotor adaptation. " 01/01/1995 - "After treatment, the children with L-dyslexia in the experimental group made fewer substantive errors and more fragmentations on a text-reading task than did the children with L-dyslexia in the control group. "
3.	Sign Language 01/01/2007 - "The study piloted an intervention procedure that incorporated the principles of automaticity, repetition, functional vocabulary, and a positive teacher-student relationship as recommended in programs for struggling readers and adapted them to the needs of two deaf high school students with dyslexia in an American Sign Language-English bilingual program. " 07/22/1998 - "[Amplification of sign language in severe dyslexia. " 01/01/1994 - "It is proposed that dyslexia offers a hypothesis testable with the new advanced gene mapping, and that Creole Languages and Sign Languages of the Deaf may come to offer possibilities of similarly testable hypotheses."
4.	Language Therapy (Language Training) 11/01/2006 - "This study focused on the predictive value of risk factors, cognitive factors, and teachers' judgments in a sample of 462 kindergartners for their early reading skills and reading failure at the beginning of Grade 1. With respect to risk factors, enrollment in speech-language therapy, history of dyslexia or speech-language problems in the family, and the role of gender were considered. " 03/04/2003 - "Functional MRI was performed on 20 children with dyslexia (8-12 years old) during phonological processing before and after a remediation program focused on auditory processing and oral language training. " 09/01/2000 - "In particular, it looks at the responsibilities of speech and language therapy services in the care and management of children with dyslexia."
5.	Electrodes (Electrode) 05/01/2009 - "The study included 39 children (17 with dyslexia plus 22 controls) assessed via frontal, central, parietal, and temporal electrodes. " 01/01/2010 - "ERPs were obtained from 32 electrodes in 24 French children with developmental dyslexia (mean age 10 years 7 months) during a visual lexical decision task. " 01/01/2010 - "We report the clinical and electroencephalographic characteristics of two right-handed patients with the following: reading-induced independent bilateral temporal lobe seizures, accompanied by alexia in left (dominant) sided seizures recorded on video-EEG (electroencephalography); subclinical activation over left posterior temporal and occipital electrodes during reading; no spontaneous seizure and no other trigger than reading; onset in adolescence; and history of varying resistance to treatment. "