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Dyslexia (Alexia)

A cognitive disorder characterized by an impaired ability to comprehend written and printed words or phrases despite intact vision. This condition may be developmental or acquired. Developmental dyslexia is marked by reading achievement that falls substantially below that expected given the individual's chronological age, measured intelligence, and age-appropriate education. The disturbance in reading significantly interferes with academic achievement or with activities of daily living that require reading skills. (From DSM-IV)
Also Known As:
Alexia; Reading Disorder; Developmental Dyslexia; Alexias; Developmental Reading Disability; Reading Disorder, Developmental; Developmental Reading Disorder; Word Blindness; Blindness, Word; Blindnesses, Word; Developmental Dyslexias; Developmental Reading Disabilities; Developmental Reading Disorders; Disabilities, Developmental Reading; Disability, Developmental Reading; Disorder, Developmental Reading; Disorder, Reading; Disorders, Developmental Reading; Disorders, Reading; Dyslexias; Dyslexias, Developmental; Reading Disabilities, Developmental; Reading Disorders; Reading Disorders, Developmental; Word Blindnesses; Dyslexia, Developmental; Reading Disability, Developmental
Networked: 582 relevant articles (23 outcomes, 135 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1. Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder)
2. Agraphia (Dysgraphia)
3. Stroke (Strokes)
4. Color Vision Defects (Color Blindness)
5. Cone-Rod Dystrophies

Experts

1. Kere, Juha: 13 articles (07/2020 - 09/2003)
2. Monaco, Anthony P: 9 articles (01/2022 - 05/2006)
3. Tapia-Páez, Isabel: 7 articles (07/2020 - 08/2008)
4. Richardson, A J: 7 articles (08/2007 - 07/2000)
5. Ghesquière, Pol: 6 articles (03/2022 - 09/2007)
6. Wouters, Jan: 6 articles (03/2022 - 09/2007)
7. Chaix, Yves: 6 articles (01/2020 - 01/2010)
8. Gaab, Nadine: 6 articles (01/2020 - 08/2011)
9. Pennington, Bruce F: 6 articles (06/2017 - 10/2005)
10. Lyytinen, Heikki: 6 articles (01/2017 - 01/2003)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Dyslexia:
1. Atomoxetine Hydrochloride (Strattera)FDA LinkGeneric
01/01/2017 - "Atomoxetine-treated dyslexia-only patients compared with placebo patients had significantly greater improvement (p < 0.02) with moderate to approaching high effect sizes (ES) on WJIII Word Attack (ES = 0.72), Basic Reading Skills (ES = 0.48), and Reading Vocabulary (ES = 0.73). "
11/01/2013 - "The atomoxetine-treated dyslexia-only subjects significantly improved from baseline to week 32 on ADHDRS-IV-Parent:Inv Inattentive subscale, K-SCT Parent and Teacher subscales, and WMTB-C Phonological Loop and Central Executive component scores. "
11/01/2013 - "At week 16, atomoxetine treatment resulted in significant (p<0.05) improvement from baseline in subjects with ADHD+D versus placebo on ADHDRS-IV-Parent:Inv Total (primary outcome) and subscales, ADHDRS-IV-Teacher-Version Inattentive subscale, K-SCT Interview Parent and Teacher subscales, and WMTB-C Central Executive component scores; in subjects with Dyslexia-only, atomoxetine versus placebo significantly improved K-SCT Youth subscale scores from baseline. "
01/01/2017 - "In the atomoxetine-treated ADHD and comorbid dyslexia group, improvement on the CTOPP Elision measure (ES = 0.50) was significantly greater compared with placebo (p < 0.02). "
12/15/2009 - "Though limited by small sample size, group differences in relation to the comparable changes in improvement in ADHD symptoms could suggest that brain systems related to the therapeutic benefit of atomoxetine in reducing ADHD symptoms may be different in individuals with ADHD+D and ADHD without dyslexia. "
2. Biomarkers (Surrogate Marker)IBA
3. Docosahexaenoic AcidsIBA
04/22/2000 - "Much interest is shown in reduced scotopic sensitivity in dyslexia and the possible role of docosahexaenoic-acid deficiency as a causative factor. "
01/01/2000 - "Dark adaptation, motor skills, docosahexaenoic acid, and dyslexia."
12/01/1995 - "In dyslexia, there is evidence for reduced incorporation of docosahexaenoic acid and arachidonic acid into cell membranes, while in schizophrenia, there is evidence for an increased rate of docosahexaenoic acid and arachidonic acid loss from membranes because of enhanced phospholipase A2 activity. "
12/01/1995 - "These proposals could explain: 1. The reduced asymmetry of the brain, especially of the planum temporale in both schizophrenia and dyslexia; 2. The schizotypal personality characteristics of dyslexics; 3. The increased risks of dyslexia in families with a schizophrenic proband; 4. The increased risks of bipolar and schizoaffective disorders in families with a schizophrenic proband; 5. The earlier onset and possibly increased severity of both disorders in males since females have a lower requirement for arachidonic acid and docosahexaenoic acid; 6. The absence of selective pressure against schizophrenia since reproduction would be impaired only when the schizophrenic gene coexisted with a dyslexic gene. "
01/01/2000 - "In the preliminary studies reported here, dark adaptation was shown to be impaired in 10 dyslexic young adults when compared with a similar control group (P < 0.05, repeated-measures analysis of variance); dark adaptation improved in 5 dyslexia patients after supplementation with a docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)-rich fish oil for 1 mo (P < 0.05, paired t test on final rod threshold); and movement skills in a group of 15 dyspraxic children improved after 4 mo of supplementation with a mixture of high-DHA fish oil, evening primrose oil, and thyme oil (P < 0.007 for manual dexterity, P < 0.02 for ball skills, and P < 0.03 for static and dynamic balance; paired t tests). "
4. Fish OilsIBA
5. evening primrose oilIBA
6. thyme oilIBA
7. SteroidsIBA
8. Anticonvulsants (Antiepileptic Drugs)IBA
9. Donepezil (Aricept)FDA LinkGeneric
10. Temazepam (Nocturne)FDA LinkGeneric

Therapies and Procedures

1. Therapeutics
2. Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation
3. Lenses
4. Telerehabilitation
5. Aftercare (After-Treatment)