Dwarfism

A genetic or pathological condition that is characterized by short stature and undersize. Abnormal skeletal growth usually results in an adult who is significantly below the average height.

Also Known As:

Networked: 1032 relevant articles (14 outcomes, 38 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Lysosomal Storage Diseases (Lysosomal Storage Disease)
2.	Neoplasms (Cancer)
3.	Hypoglycemia (Reactive Hypoglycemia)
4.	Cataract (Cataracts)
5.	Nervous System Diseases (Neurological Disorders)

Experts

1.	Jackson, Andrew P: 9 articles (01/2016 - 03/2011)
2.	Bicknell, Louise S: 7 articles (01/2016 - 03/2011)
3.	Briggs, Michael D: 7 articles (11/2014 - 07/2007)
4.	Bongers, Ernie M H F: 6 articles (12/2015 - 04/2011)
5.	Laron, Zvi: 6 articles (06/2010 - 04/2003)
6.	Yoshida, S: 6 articles (09/2001 - 01/2000)
7.	Krejci, Pavel: 5 articles (01/2016 - 11/2007)
8.	Brunner, Han G: 5 articles (12/2015 - 02/2008)
9.	Boot-Handford, Raymond P: 5 articles (09/2015 - 07/2007)
10.	O'Driscoll, Mark: 5 articles (08/2014 - 03/2011)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Dwarfism:

1.	HormonesIBA 10/01/2006 - "The dwarfism was improved by adding thyroid hormone in the diet. " 01/01/2011 - "Dwarfism in German shepherd dogs is due to combined pituitary hormone deficiency of unknown genetic cause. " 03/01/2008 - "Endocrine disorders such as dwarfism and diabetes show abnormalities in many different organs even if a certain hormone is the primary cause of the disease. " 07/25/2003 - "Ames dwarfism is caused by a homozygous single nucleotide mutation in the pituitary specific prop-1 gene, resulting in combined pituitary hormone deficiency, reduced growth and extended lifespan. " 11/01/2002 - "Mutants defective in the biosynthesis or signaling of brassinosteroids (BRs), plant steroid hormones, display dwarfism. "
2.	Proteins (Proteins, Gene)IBA 03/01/1998 - "Proteins having relations to hereditary dwarfism of the rdw rat (gene symbol: rdw) were searched for in various tissues of the rat with an improved two-dimensional gel electrophoresis technique followed by immunoblotting and microsequencing. " 03/01/2008 - "In a comprehensive study of the rdw rat with hereditary dwarfism, we found the accumulation of ER proteins in the rdw thyroid. " 08/01/2012 - "When SLR1 proteins with various deletions were over-expressed in rice, the severity of dwarfism correlated with the transactivation activity observed in yeast, indicating that SLR1 suppresses plant growth through transactivation activity. " 12/01/2011 - "Yeast two-hybrid assays indicate that these newly characterized mutations in Rht-B1 and Rht-D1 confer "GA-insensitive" dwarfism by producing DELLA proteins that do not bind the GA receptor GA INSENSITIVE DWARF1, potentially compromising their targeted degradation." 12/01/2011 - "Rht-B1 and Rht-D1 encode DELLA proteins, which act to repress GA-responsive growth, and their mutant alleles Rht-B1b and Rht-D1b are thought to confer dwarfism by producing more active forms of these growth repressors. "
3.	Insulin-Like Growth Factor I (IGF-1)IBA 07/01/1996 - "The newly available IGF-I therapy in GHIS is effective in promoting growth and may eventually prevent dwarfism in these patients. " 08/01/1991 - "The administration of IGF-I in patients with Laron type dwarfism is devoid of side-effects and warrants assessment in long-term studies." 02/01/2015 - "In this paper, we employed real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) to analyze the expression levels of hepatic GHR, JAK2 and IGF-I genes in 1, 30, 180 day of Bama minipig and Landrace with attempt to verify the correlation between the expression of these growth-associated genes and the dwarfism phenotype of Bama minipig. " 11/01/2008 - "Thus GH and IGF-I promote antioxidant phenotypic changes in the endothelial cells, whereas Ames dwarfism leads to vascular oxidative stress." 03/01/2008 - "If untreated, the deficiency of IGF-I results in severe dwarfism, as well as skeletal and muscular underdevelopment. "
4.	Human Growth Hormone (Saizen)FDA LinkGeneric 11/01/1965 - "[Studies on the effect of human growth hormone on metabolism in hypophyseal and hypothyroid dwarfism]." 09/01/1961 - "[Metabolic study of some subjects with nanism treated with human growth hormone]." 01/01/2011 - "Recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) is used for replacement therapy of pediatric hypopituitary dwarfism. " 10/01/2004 - "Here we present a female case of SMS showing early waking and reduction of REM sleep, which were corrected by human growth hormone (GH) replacement for her dwarfism. " 10/01/2002 - "Dwarfism is an important problem in children with this condition, and long-term treatment with recombinant human growth hormone (GH) is usually required. "
5.	Transfer RNA (tRNA)IBA 01/01/2015 - "Our study expands the number of biological pathways underlying primordial dwarfism and adds to a growing list of human diseases linked to abnormal tRNA modification." 01/01/2015 - "A novel cause for primordial dwarfism revealed: defective tRNA modification." 01/01/2015 - "The human mutation and the corresponding yeast mutation result in a significant reduction of m(7)G46 methylation of specific tRNA species, which provides a potential mechanism for primordial dwarfism associated with this lesion, since reduced m(7)G46 modification causes a growth deficiency phenotype in yeast. " 01/01/2015 - "A mutation in the WDR4 gene, coding for a tRNA-modifying enzyme, leads to reduced levels of guanosine methylation in tRNA in patients with primordial dwarfism." 01/01/2015 - "Mutation in WDR4 impairs tRNA m(7)G46 methylation and causes a distinct form of microcephalic primordial dwarfism."
6.	Somatotropin Receptors (Growth Hormone Receptor)IBA 01/01/2008 - "Novel splice site mutation in the growth hormone receptor gene in Turkish patients with Laron-type dwarfism." 04/01/2003 - "Laron-type dwarfism is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by deletions or mutations of the growth hormone receptor gene. " 11/01/1999 - "A novel phenotype for Lardon dwarfism in miniature Bos indicus cattle suggests that the expression of growth hormone receptor 1A in liver is required for normal growth." 05/15/1994 - "[Growth hormone receptor and dwarfism]." 11/15/1990 - "We describe an inbred population with a high incidence of growth hormone-receptor deficiency resulting in a clinical picture resembling Laron-type dwarfism but differing principally in showing a marked predominance of affected females. "
7.	Thyroxine (Levothyroxine)FDA LinkGeneric 03/01/2014 - "After weaning, thyroxine administration improved the dwarfism in rdw rats but had no effect on cerebellar function. " 07/01/1975 - "Infants with small-for-gestational-age dwarfism gained weight poorly in the hospital, had a low BMR before and after spontaneous or induced weight gain, and a normal serum thyroxine value. " 03/01/2002 - "Thyroid hormones (THs), 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine (T3) and L-thyroxine (T4), are important for the normal development of the growth plate (GP); congenital TH deficiency leads to severe dwarfism. " 01/01/1989 - "Of 3 kinds of animals with congenital hormone deficiency, i.e., mouse with Snell pituitary dwarfism (dw) in which hypoplasia of the pituitary anterior lobe is seen from embryonal stage and which almost lacks in growth hormone (GH), prolactin (PRL), thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH); mouse with little dwarfism lacking only in GH (lit); and mouse with congenital primary hypothyroidism in which the thyroidal gland shows hypoplasia, thyroxine (T4) in blood is not measurable and, conversely, TSH level is abnormally high (hyt), the males of dw/dw and hyt/hyt have been proved to be infertile, but it is little known about lit/lit. "
8.	GibberellinsIBA 07/01/2015 - "The Arabidopsis transgenics showed a significant reduction in endogenous gibberellins that might be responsible for the dwarfism, and the abnormal behaviour of pollen germination and seed set. " 01/01/1994 - "The gib1 mutant of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is deficient in endogenous gibberellins and exhibits phenotypes including extreme dwarfism, reduced germination, and abnormal flower development, which are reversed by the application of gibberellic acid (GA3). " 02/15/2012 - "The chemically induced dwarfism of Arabidopsis seedlings was further evaluated by a rescue experiment using the co-application of brassinolide and/or gibberellins (GA). " 12/01/2009 - "The formation of chimeric GPPS in transgenic plants also resulted in leaf chlorosis, increased light sensitivity, and dwarfism due to decreased levels of chlorophylls, carotenoids, and gibberellins. "
9.	CelluloseIBA 07/01/2010 - "bc12 mutants display dwarfism resulting from a significant reduction in cell number and brittleness due to an alteration in cellulose microfibril orientation and wall composition. " 09/01/2015 - "GA ablation was antagonistic to the expression of three specific cellulose synthase genes resulting in cellulose deficiency and growth dwarfism, which were complemented by exogenous bioactive gibberellic acid application. "
10.	Small Interfering RNA (siRNA)IBA 03/26/2010 - "The transgenic rice lines showed significant reduction in endogenous OsGLP1 expression due to 26nt siRNA-mediated gene silencing, displayed semi-dwarfism and were affected seriously by fungal diseases, compared to the untransformed plant. "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Hip Replacement Arthroplasty (Total Hip Replacement) 05/01/2008 - "In conclusion, we consider total hip replacement in dwarfism a safe and effective procedure if an accurate preoperative planning is performed."
2.	Transplants (Transplant) 07/01/2015 - "In this study, we used map-based cloning and field transplant experiments to investigate dwarfism in natural Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) accessions collected from the Swiss Alps. " 10/01/2005 - "In the present study, we attempted to rescue the dwarfism of the rdw rats using a diet supplemented with thyroid powder (T-powder) and a thyroid graft (T-graft). " 10/01/2005 - "Thus, the dwarfism in the rdw rat is rescued by thyroid function compensation, such as that afforded by T-powder and T-graft." 01/01/1984 - "The effects of pituitary grafts under the kidney capsule were studied in "dwarf" mutant mice which because of anterohypophyseal deficiency, exhibit dwarfism, sterility and important behavioral deficits. " 01/01/2013 - "The induction of semi-dwarfism in an apple cultivar on root stock harbouring Atgai suggests that long-distance transport of mRNA from grafts would be applicable to horticulture crops."
3.	Drug Therapy (Chemotherapy) 01/01/2014 - "Studies with these animals allow the development of potential drug therapies for dwarfism. "
4.	Arthroplasty 09/01/2015 - "Hip arthroplasty can be performed in patients with dwarfism with good clinical benefits. " 08/01/2015 - "Knee arthroplasty can be performed in patients suffering from dwarfism with good clinical benefits. " 08/01/2015 - "Dwarfism is a challenge in arthroplasty. " 09/01/2011 - "Shoulder arthroplasty in patients with dwarfism: a report of 2 cases." 05/01/2008 - "Total hip arthroplasty in dwarfism. "
5.	Injections 02/01/2015 - "Inhibition of COX activity in young mice by ip injections of NSAIDs causes dwarfism. " 01/01/1976 - "A very unusual case is that of Laron's dwarfism with very high values of HGH in the plasma, and very low levels of somatomedin and, clinical and laboratory indifference to injections of exogenous HGH. " 01/01/1992 - "Prolactin (PRL) secretion was studied in Laron-type dwarfism (LTD) patients (8 children and 9 adults) in basal condition, after acute insulin-like growth factor (IGF-I) or TRH injections and during 2 months of daily IGF-I treatment. "