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Drug Toxicity (Drug Safety)

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Manifestations of the adverse effects of drugs administered therapeutically or in the course of diagnostic techniques. It does not include accidental or intentional poisoning for which specific headings are available.

Also Known As:

Drug Safety; Adverse Drug Event; Toxicity, Drug; Adverse Drug Events; Adverse Drug Reactions; Drug Event, Adverse; Drug Events, Adverse; Drug Reaction, Adverse; Drug Reactions, Adverse; Drug Toxicities; Event, Adverse Drug; Events, Adverse Drug; Reaction, Adverse Drug; Reactions, Adverse Drug; Safety, Drug; Toxicities, Drug; Adverse Drug Reaction

Networked: 6143 relevant articles (231 outcomes, 624 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Substance-Related Disorders: 9381
- Poisoning: 26707
  - Drug Toxicity: 6143

Related Diseases

1.	Neoplasms (Cancer)
2.	Infection
3.	Breast Neoplasms (Breast Cancer)
4.	Renal Insufficiency (Renal Failure)
5.	Drug Toxicity (Drug Safety)

Experts

1.	Bates, David W: 37 articles (01/2016 - 07/2002)
2.	Montastruc, Jean-Louis: 34 articles (10/2015 - 01/2003)
3.	Lapeyre-Mestre, Maryse: 16 articles (10/2015 - 05/2003)
4.	Bennett, Charles L: 16 articles (02/2015 - 05/2005)
5.	Bagheri, Haleh: 15 articles (10/2015 - 01/2003)
6.	Hanlon, Joseph T: 13 articles (01/2015 - 09/2003)
7.	Rothschild, Jeffrey M: 12 articles (05/2014 - 03/2005)
8.	Ingelman-Sundberg, Magnus: 12 articles (01/2013 - 01/2004)
9.	Handler, Steven M: 11 articles (08/2015 - 09/2006)
10.	Gandhi, Tejal K: 11 articles (06/2015 - 01/2003)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Drug Toxicity:

1.	Biological Markers (Surrogate Marker)IBA 09/01/2006 - "Two areas of great promise for pharmacogenomics in this regard are emerging: (i) the pharmacogenomics of modulating disease biomarkers (to provide insight into novel mechanisms of drug response and to identify the patients most likely to respond to a drug in a favorable way); and (ii) using pharmacogenomics to enhance drug safety. " 08/28/2014 - "Such compounds have been suggested to act through multiple mechanisms; therefore, it is important to define the selectivity of Nrf2 inducers to assess the potential for off-target effects that may lead to adverse drug reactions, and to provide biomarkers with which to assess therapeutic efficacy. " 02/01/2011 - "The rapid development of techniques in the area of genome analysis has facilitated identification of new pharmacogenomic biomarkers that can provide predictive tools for improved drug response and fewer adverse drug reactions. " 01/01/2012 - "The concerted action of operating multicenter networks holds great promise for future studies to identify biomarkers related to drug toxicity and to provide better insight into the underlying pathogenesis. " 11/01/2014 - "The discovery of new pharmacogenomic biomarkers and systems pathways can provide new drug targets and predictive tools for improved drug response and fewer adverse drug reactions in JIA."
2.	EnzymesIBA 08/01/2011 - "Significant alterations in the activity of drug-metabolizing enzymes may affect the clearance of therapeutic drugs, with the potential to result in adverse drug reactions. " 03/01/2004 - "It was concluded that genomic testing for enzymes of drug metabolism has significant potential for improving the efficacy of drug treatment and reducing adverse drug reactions. " 04/01/2004 - "Several studies of the correlation between the genetic polymorphism of enzymes metabolizing several DMARDs and efficacy or adverse drug reactions have already been reported, suggesting that pharmacogenetics will be applicable to the treatment of RA in the near future." 06/01/2003 - "The aim of the presented part of the study was to look for evident differences in genotypes for polymorphic drug metabolizing enzymes between adverse drug reaction cases and controls. " 11/14/2001 - "MEDLINE English-language only searches for adverse drug reaction studies published between January 1995 and June 2000 and review articles of variant alleles of drug-metabolizing enzymes published between January 1997 and August 2000. "
3.	Cytochrome P-450 CYP2D6 (CYP2D6)IBA 04/01/2009 - "Individuals who are CYP2D6 poor metabolizers, have an increased risk of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) when treated with CYP2D6-metabolized drugs, suggesting that CYP2D6 genotyping might be beneficial for patient care. " 01/01/2014 - "CYP2D6 is genetically polymorphic and is associated with large interindividual variations in therapeutic efficacy and drug toxicity. " 01/01/2015 - "In contrast to absence of the CYP2D64 (G1846A) and 14 (G1758A) alleles in Iranian populations of different ethnicities, the prediction of the CYP2D6*10 allele is required in drug research and routine treatment, where the information would be helpful for clinicians to optimize therapy or identify persons at risk of adverse drug reactions before clinical trials. " 01/01/2007 - "Our aim was to compare the distribution of functional polymorphisms in the genes CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 between healthy control group and of patients reffered to our department due to adverse drug reactions or insufficient efficacy of a treatment. " 01/01/2005 - "This study tested whether the CYP2D6 poor metabolizer phenotype was associated with adverse drug reactions (ADRs) and discontinuation due to ADRs. "
4.	Liposomes (Liposome)IBA 01/01/2006 - "The task ahead will be to examine whether the beneficial structural and pharmacokinetic properties of multivesicular liposome formulations will translate into improved clinical outcomes, either because of decreased drug toxicity or increased drug efficacy." 02/01/2013 - "In conclusion, the encapsulation of DDPP in pegylated liposomes reduced the drug toxicity and enhanced its antitumoral activity in mice, as a result of improved drug pharmacokinetics." 09/10/2009 - "Cationic liposomes as carriers for aerosolized formulations of an anionic drug: safety and efficacy study." 02/26/2015 - "Liposomes are known to be effective drug-delivery systems (DDSs) because they can reduce drug toxicity due to biodegradability and biocompatibility and can offer promising carriers of various types of drugs. " 09/30/2000 - "Liposomes are of particular interest as a DDS because they can reduce drug toxicity, and offer promise as gene carriers. "
5.	Anti-Bacterial Agents (Antibiotics)IBA 09/01/1985 - "Knowledge of the risks of gastrointestinal adverse drug reactions with different agents and different doses should be clinically helpful in assessing risks and benefits when oral antibiotics are prescribed for children." 01/01/1994 - "route of administration, compliance, drug pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, drug toxicity, and drug-disease interactions, it is also helpful for practitioners to become familiar with a small number of the large group of available antibiotics. " 09/01/2014 - "The study concluded that Adverse Drug Reactions to antibiotics are common and some of them resulted in increased healthcare cost due to the need of some interventions and increased length of hospital stay. " 09/01/2014 - "The main aim of this study was to detect and analyze Adverse Drug Reactions of antibiotics in inpatients of a tertiary care hospital. " 12/01/2004 - "- Study of the uses of the data-processing tool: detection of adverse drug events and inappropriate therapies; diffusion of the probable bacteria and their sensitivities to antibiotics following the infected site; creating decisional algorithms leading to suggested antibiotic therapy concept. "
6.	Carbon MonoxideIBA 11/01/2001 - "Some of these important developments are the delineation of mechanisms of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug-induced gastrointestinal toxicity, identification of groups at highest risk for development of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug-induced gastrointestinal complications, recognition of co-therapies that could reduce nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug toxicity, and, most recently, development of classes of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs with improved gastrointestinal safety profiles. " 10/01/2004 - "Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) proves to be a useful tool to assess adherence, to investigate drug-drug interactions between antiretroviral (ARV) drugs or with co-medications, to prevent some ARV drug toxicities, to adjust the dosage in particular populations, and to increase ARV efficacy of some drugs in naive patients. " 04/01/1998 - "Therefore, EMA/CO regimen groups were found to have low drug toxicity, early remission and a low failure rate. " 10/05/1996 - "Of these 849, 669 patients (78.8%) co-operated and completed a questionnaire pertaining to their perceptions of privacy in relation to reporting of adverse drug reactions (ADR) and postmarketing surveillance studies. " 09/01/1996 - "Of these 849, 669 patients (78.8%) co-operated and completed a questionnaire pertaining to their perceptions and viewpoints of privacy in relation to the reporting of adverse drug reactions (ADR) and postmarketing surveillance studies. "
7.	Azathioprine (Imuran)FDA LinkGeneric 01/01/2014 - "TPMT testing could lead to improved prescribing of azathioprine resulting in a reduction in adverse drug reactions as well as an improvement in effectiveness. " 07/01/2013 - "Most promising is the polymorphism in thiopurinemethyltransferase gene for which a genotype analysis can reveal slow metabolizers of azathioprine and help avoid serious drug toxicity. " 02/01/2010 - "Furthermore, the ITPA 94C>A [P32T] variant is associated with an increased risk of adverse drug reactions for patients treated with azathioprine. " 01/01/2009 - "Forty-three patients were treated with azathioprine therapy, 4 experienced myelotoxicity, and 1 experienced hepatotoxicity, so the incidence of drug toxicity was 11.7% (5/43). " 01/01/2007 - "Fifteen patients developed adverse effects (21.4%); there was a significant underrepresentation of the GST-M1 null genotype among patients developing adverse drug reactions to azathioprine (odds ratio [OR] = 0.18, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.037-0.72, P = 0.0072) compared with patients who did not develop adverse effects. "
8.	Tacrolimus (Prograf)FDA LinkGeneric 07/01/2014 - "This study analyzes medical data which includes time series of measures of renal function and trough levels of immunosuppressive drug Tacrolimus, with the main aim of identifying patients susceptible to drug toxicity. " 01/01/2010 - "Tacrolimus was well tolerated, and none of the patients developed adverse drug reactions that required discontinuation of the study. " 06/01/2012 - "Comparison of adverse drug reaction profiles of two tacrolimus formulations in rats." 02/01/2005 - "Adverse drug events consisted of minor irritation in some lesional areas treated with tacrolimus. " 03/01/1993 - "Additionally, eight children have been switched to FK 506 because of refractory rejection and drug toxicity. "
9.	Antidepressive Agents (Antidepressants)IBA 02/01/1996 - "Consequently, the biotransformation pattern of antidepressants has an important influence on their clinical properties, i.e., pharmacokinetics, toxicity, drug-drug interactions, side-effect profile and last but not least therapeutic efficacy. " 03/01/1975 - "Psychiatrists should make more use of this safe, specific, rapid, and effective treatment for anticholinergic drug toxicity, and should particularly be alert to reversible anticholinergic brain syndromes associated with antidepressants and antiparkinson medications, and even with antipsychotic medications." 09/01/2015 - "Antidepressant drugs were the greatest pharmacological class concerning adverse drug reaction. " 02/01/2015 - "Antidepressants (ADs) are known to have the potential to cause various cardiovascular adverse drug reactions (ADRs). " 02/01/2014 - "The unwanted side effects associated with antidepressants are key determinants of treatment adherence in depression; propensity to experience these adverse drug reactions (ADRs) may be influenced by genetic variation. "
10.	Adrenal Cortex Hormones (Corticosteroids)IBA 09/01/2007 - "Traditional immunosuppressive medications, such as corticosteroids and steroid-sparing immunomodulatory agents, have demonstrated efficacy in the treatment of uveitic syndromes, but side effects and drug toxicities often limit the use of these medications. " 01/01/2013 - "Using Systems Biology-based Analysis Approaches to Identify Mechanistically Significant Adverse Drug Reactions: Pulmonary Complications from Combined Use of Anti-TNFα Agents and Corticosteroids." 09/01/1999 - "This article assesses the potential for inhaled and nasal corticosteroids to cause systemic adverse effects by analysing the published literature and spontaneously reported suspected adverse drug reactions reported to the Committee on Safety of Medicines and Medicines Control Agency. " 12/01/1997 - "Fifteen patients (29%) developed late pulmonary drug toxicity, which resolved with a 10-week course of corticosteroids in all but one affected patient, who subsequently died of pulmonary toxicity. " 07/01/1976 - "Letter: Adverse drug reactions intolerance to corticosteroids."

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Drug Therapy (Chemotherapy) 07/01/2002 - "The guidelines for the prevention of adverse drug reactions are also necessary to achieve the best results from chemotherapy. " 12/01/2013 - "Rates of complete remission (CR), event-free survival (EFS), disease-free survival (DFS), and overall survival (OS) and drug toxicity were compared between children treated with Protocol B and 25 others treated previously with ATRA alone as induction chemotherapy (Protocol A). " 11/03/1990 - "Eight of the 11 patients in whom complete remission was obtained had received the heavy induction chemotherapy required by the degree of malignancy, but no death due to drug toxicity was recorded. " 01/01/1998 - "Current efforts to improve therapeutic efficacy have concentrated on decreasing drug toxicity and increasing drug doses (e.g., high-dose chemotherapy with peripheral stem-cell support). " 09/01/1997 - "Current efforts to improve therapeutic efficacy have concentrated on decreasing drug toxicity and increasing drug doses (e.g., high-dose chemotherapy with peripheral stem cell support). "
2.	Medication Errors (Medication Error) 01/01/2003 - "Significant reduction of medication errors and adverse drug events requires systemic implementation of information technology, improvements in the reporting of errors, and integration with other systems designed to detect and prevent errors." 01/01/2010 - "Computerized provider order entry (CPOE) has been shown to improve patient safety by reducing medication errors and subsequent adverse drug events (ADEs). " 01/01/2016 - "The purpose of this study is to assess the rates of perioperative medication errors (MEs) and adverse drug events (ADEs) as percentages of medication administrations, to evaluate their root causes, and to formulate targeted solutions to prevent them. " 10/01/2014 - "These studies highlight that medication errors and adverse drug events continue to be important issues for health care professionals caring for older adults." 01/01/2014 - "Research studies involving delivery of interventions in hospitals with the aim of preventing or reducing medication errors and adverse drug events were examined. "
3.	Polypharmacy 09/01/1998 - "Geriatric patients exhibit a decline in the hepatic clearance of certain drugs and a marked increase in the frequency of adverse drug reactions, reflecting an increase in polypharmacy regimens and declines in liver volume and blood flow rather than reduced Phase I metabolism. " 07/31/2012 - "The combination of ART with polypharmacy significantly increases the chance of potentially serious drug-drug interactions (DDIs), which can lead to drug toxicity, poorer ART adherence, loss of efficacy of the coadministered medication, or virologic breakthrough. " 01/01/2015 - "The use of model organisms will remain central to the quest for drug discovery, but as we uncover molecular processes regulated by repurposed drugs and polypharmacy, studies of pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics, drug-drug interactions, drug toxicity, and therapeutic index will slowly become more prevalent in aging research. " 12/01/2014 - "Of the 50 studies identified, the majority that were rated good in terms of their adjustment for comorbidity demonstrated relationships between polypharmacy and a range of outcomes, including falls, fall outcomes, fall risk factors, adverse drug events, hospitalization, mortality, and measures of function and cognition. " 05/01/2013 - "The current trial and error process of choosing medications for child and adolescent psychiatric patients, and the growing trend of polypharmacy, results in poor outcomes and high risk of serious adverse drug reactions. "
4.	Transplants (Transplant) 03/01/2009 - "The aim of this study is to describe drug exposure and adverse drug events (ADEs) reported by liver-transplant patients (LTP). " 07/01/2005 - "The aim of this study was to determine whether polymorphisms in these candidate pharmacogenetic loci predict adverse drug reactions to AZA immunosuppressive therapy in liver transplant patients. " 04/01/1996 - "The duration of the study ended for each animal when the graft stopped beating at which time the animals were euthanized and the transplanted heart and native kidneys harvested and processed for light microscopy evaluation of rejection and drug toxicity, respectively. " 01/01/2015 - "Understanding the pharmacology involved in the care of the lung transplant patient is of utmost importance to achieve appropriate organ preservation, immunosuppression, hemodynamic stability, and adequate anesthetic depth, while avoiding drug toxicity and side effects. " 01/01/2015 - "Genetic information can help with achieving target concentrations in the early post-transplant period, avoiding adverse drug reactions and drug-drug interactions. "
5.	Drug Prescriptions 11/01/2001 - "The article goes into three main issues: the production of evidence about efficacy of drugs, their safety profile through the collection of data about adverse drug reactions and the appropriateness of drug prescription." 01/01/2012 - "Initial empirical studies and pilot implementations seem to indicate that generic safe and effective multi-drug prescription principles could be defined and reused to reduce adverse drug events and to support compliance with medical guidelines and drug formularies. " 12/01/1999 - "Clinical pharmacogenomics promises to increase the safety and efficacy of drug prescription, decrease the incidence of adverse drug reactions, help improve public health, and presage in an era of personalized, predictive, and prophylactic medicine. " 05/01/2004 - "Pharmacoepidemiology examples of adverse drug reaction studies are presented along with drug prescription surveillance and analysis of prescribing patterns, useful tools for health services evaluation as well as health economics, from the simple evaluation of health care burden for drug expenditure to the various studies of cost of drugs. " 01/01/2002 - "The other study found that 14 of 19 drug prescriptions associated with 17 severe adverse drug reactions were either unlicensed or off-label. "