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Doxapram (Doxapram Hydrochloride)

A central respiratory stimulant with a brief duration of action. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmocopoeia, 30th ed, p1225)

Also Known As:

Doxapram Hydrochloride; AHP Brand of Doxapram Hydrochloride; Antigen Brand of Doxapram Hydrochloride; Docatone; Dopram; Genopharm Brand of Doxapram Hydrochloride; Riemser Brand of Doxapram Hydrochloride; Wyeth Brand of Doxapram; Wyeth Brand of Doxapram Hydrochloride; Hydrochloride, Doxapram; 2-Pyrrolidinone, 1-ethyl-4-(2-(4-morpholinyl)ethyl)-3,3-diphenyl-

Networked: 174 relevant articles (15 outcomes, 31 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Drug Context: Research Results

Heterocyclic Compounds: 60
- 1-Ring Heterocyclic Compounds
  - Pyrrolidines: 9
    - Pyrrolidinones: 3
      - Doxapram: 174
        2-ketodoxapram
        AHR 0914
        AHR 5904
        Farmicor

Experts

1.	Henderson-Smart, D J: 5 articles (01/2001 - 01/2000)
2.	Gorman, Jack M: 4 articles (05/2015 - 05/2003)
3.	Martinez, Jose M: 3 articles (05/2015 - 07/2005)
4.	Boutroy, M J: 3 articles (02/2005 - 11/2000)
5.	Steer, P: 3 articles (01/2004 - 01/2000)
6.	Aaronson, Cindy J: 2 articles (05/2015 - 10/2007)
7.	Garakani, Amir: 2 articles (05/2015 - 10/2007)
8.	Yamazaki, Toshio: 2 articles (04/2015 - 01/2007)
9.	Ishitsuka, Yoichi: 2 articles (04/2015 - 06/2013)
10.	Irikura, Mitsuru: 2 articles (04/2015 - 06/2013)

Related Diseases

1.	Apnea 01/01/1992 - "Data suggested that doxapram alone at a dose of 1 mg/kg/h is effective for the treatment of neonatal apnea." 08/01/1991 - "The efficacy of low-dose doxapram therapy (0.2 mg/kg/h) in combination with methylxanthines was evaluated in 20 premature infants with idiopathic apnea unresponsive to methylxanthines alone, and in 13 premature infants with secondary apnea. " 01/01/2007 - "Recent studies, however, have demonstrated the efficacy and safety of doxapram therapy for apnea of prematurity (AOP) using lower doses than those previously tested. " 01/01/2004 - "All trials utilising random or quasi-random patient allocation, in which doxapram was used for the treatment of apnea in preterm infants were included. " 04/01/2001 - "However, because of encouraging results of recent studies regarding the efficacy and safety of therapy for apnea of prematurity (AOP) with lower doses of doxapram than those previously proposed, approximately 60% of Japanese neonatologists continue to use doxapram at small doses. "
2.	Respiratory Insufficiency (Respiratory Failure) 01/01/1975 - "Protection against the risk of occasional respiratory depression from this regime is consistently given by the use of intravenous doxapram, which also gives varying degrees of arousal." 02/01/1979 - "The respiratory stimulant drug doxapram has overcome respiratory depression in volunteers and in a few patients in a clinical setting, but such studies have not been done in an overdose situation. " 12/04/1989 - "[Doxapram therapy in acute progressive chronic respiratory failure]." 07/10/1989 - "Only minor side-effects from doxapram were observed, and it is concluded that this respiratory stimulant can be used as a primary drug in patients with acute respiratory failure and chronic airflow limitation." 07/10/1989 - "[A pharmacologic respiratory stimulant, doxapram, used in acute deterioration in patients with chronic respiratory failure]."
3.	Body Weight (Weight, Body) 02/01/1979 - "In 6 separate trials at a dose range of 0.32 to 2.0 mg per kg of body weight per min, quiet-sleep tidal volume increased from 4.9 +/- 1.0 to 8.5 +/- 0.9 ml per kg of body weight, minute ventilation increased from 140 +/- 38 to 286 +/- 31 ml per kg of body weight per min, and alveolar PCO2 decreased from 60 +/- 5 to 32 +/- 2 mm Hg. In all instances, the maximal quiet-sleep ventilatory response was achieved within 10 min. The ventilatory response to steady-state CO2 breathing was not improved with doxapram. " 04/01/2015 - "Estimates generated by NONMEM indicated that clearance of doxapram (CL; L/kg/h) was affected by postmenstrual age (PMA; weeks), body weight (BW; g), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST; IU/L). " 01/01/1992 - "Two treatments, sodium bicarbonate (3 mEq/kg of body weight, IV) and doxapram HCl (2 mg/kg, IV), were evaluated, using a randomized complete-block experimental design. " 11/01/1977 - "Rapid arousal from the sedative effects of xylazine occurred after the intravenous administration of doxapram hydrochloride in dosages of 0.05 to 0.13 mg/kg of body weight." 11/01/1986 - "For each of 3 separate evaluations, 6 fasted llamas (Lama glama) were sedated with xylazine (1.1 mg/kg of body weight, IV) and then 15 minutes later were given normal saline solution (5.0 ml, IV; control values), doxapram (2.2 mg/kg, IV), or 4-amino-pyridine (0.3 mg/kg, IV) and yohimbine (0.125 mg/kg, IV). "
4.	Hypercapnia 05/12/2005 - "Although, doxapram had an additive effect on the carotid body chemosensory response to hypercapnia, a synergistic effect was not observed. " 10/01/1994 - "We report three cases in which doxapram hydrochloride injection was used as an additional method of treating and stabilizing patients with chronic hypercapnia and hypoxia. " 10/01/1994 - "Use of doxapram hydrochloride injection as an alternative to intubation to treat chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients with hypercapnia." 01/01/1989 - "[Effects of doxapram on the response to hypercapnia: application to weaning from artificial ventilation in chronic obstructive respiratory insufficiency]." 05/01/1982 - "However, the ventilatory effect of doxapram was more than additive to the concomitant stimulation by hypoxia or hypercapnia. "
5.	Bradycardia 10/01/1999 - "Doxapram resulted in a significant decrease in the frequency of apnoea [22 (11-27) vs. 14 (7-23)/h, p < 0.01], bradycardia [3 (0-7) vs. 1 (0-3)/h, p < 0.01] and hypoxaemia [8 (0-18) vs. 2 (0- 17)/h, p < 0.01] already after 1 day of treatment, which was sustained throughout the 6-day study period. " 10/01/1999 - "To study the effect of doxapram on the frequency of apnoea, bradycardia and hypoxaemia. " 10/01/1999 - "Effect of doxapram on episodes of apnoea, bradycardia and hypoxaemia in preterm infants." 05/01/1993 - "Despite this treatment, he underwent many episodes of apnea, and bradycardia that appeared on day 4 and did not respond to IV doxapram (1 mg/kg/h). " 10/01/1999 - "Doxapram substantially reduced the frequency of apnoea, bradycardia and hypoxaemia in these patients with caffeine-resistant apnoea of prematurity. "

Related Drugs and Biologics

1.	Aminophylline (Carine)
2.	Caffeine (No Doz)
3.	Theophylline (Theon)
4.	Oxygen
5.	Carbon Dioxide
6.	Almitrine (Vectarion)
7.	Oxyhemoglobins (Oxyhemoglobin)
8.	Aspartate Aminotransferases (Aspartate Transaminase)
9.	Doxapram (Doxapram Hydrochloride)
10.	Morphine (MS Contin)

Related Therapies and Procedures

1.	Intravenous Infusions
2.	Intermittent Positive-Pressure Ventilation
3.	Artificial Respiration (Mechanical Ventilation)
4.	Mechanical Ventilators (Ventilator)
5.	Oral Administration