Diphtheria

A localized infection of mucous membranes or skin caused by toxigenic strains of CORYNEBACTERIUM DIPHTHERIAE. It is characterized by the presence of a pseudomembrane at the site of infection. DIPHTHERIA TOXIN, produced by C. diphtheriae, can cause myocarditis, polyneuritis, and other systemic toxic effects.

Also Known As:

Networked: 3683 relevant articles (110 outcomes, 494 trials/studies)

Relationship Network

Disease Context: Research Results

Related Diseases

1.	Tetanus
2.	Whooping Cough (Pertussis)
3.	Poliomyelitis (Polio)
4.	Hepatitis B
5.	Measles

Experts

1.	Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC): 45 articles (02/2015 - 02/2000)
2.	Aaby, Peter: 31 articles (01/2015 - 01/2002)
3.	Halperin, Scott A: 26 articles (01/2014 - 05/2002)
4.	Schuerman, Lode: 26 articles (01/2014 - 11/2002)
5.	Jacquet, Jeanne-Marie: 20 articles (08/2011 - 01/2005)
6.	Bock, Hans L: 19 articles (09/2012 - 05/2003)
7.	Friedland, Leonard R: 17 articles (02/2015 - 04/2006)
8.	Smith, Philip J: 16 articles (04/2014 - 01/2004)
9.	Rodrigues, Amabelia: 15 articles (09/2014 - 06/2003)
10.	Benn, Christine Stabell: 14 articles (01/2014 - 04/2004)

Drugs and Biologics

Drugs and Important Biological Agents (IBA) related to Diphtheria:

1.	VaccinesIBA 06/12/2006 - "There is increasing concern over the efficacy of existing vaccines for diphtheria and there is interest in the development of a mucosally active formulation which might improve local protection. " 01/01/2010 - "Localized diphtheria of the oropharynx was diagnosed in 29 patients, diffused diphtheria--in 8, subtoxic--in 3, grade 1 toxic--in 19, grade 2 toxic--in 12, grade 3 toxic--in 9. Experimental part of the study was performed on outbred rabbits weighted 3-3.5 kg. Level of antitoxin in serum was measured in reaction of passive hemagglutination using commercial antigenic erythrocyte diagnostic kit (manufactured by Mechnikov Research Institute of Vaccines and Sera, Moscow). " 06/01/2001 - "This study also provided an opportunity to investigate serology as alternative to in vivo bioassay for potency testing of diphtheria vaccines. " 08/26/2015 - "Low-dose diphtheria vaccines provided comparable protection to the standard-dose vaccine and are suitable for use for pre-school booster vaccination. " 04/01/2014 - "Receipt of a full primary course of diphtheria-containing vaccines at first and second birthdays, and a primary course and preschool booster at fifth birthday. "
2.	ToxoidsIBA 01/01/2000 - "This study worked out differences between purified diphtheria toxoids. " 07/01/1989 - "It is concluded from this study that the ToBI test is a valuable model in the potency assay of diphtheria toxoids, based on antitoxin induction in mice." 06/01/1970 - "Studies on the composition of diphtheria toxoids. " 06/01/1970 - "Studies on the composition of diphtheria toxoids. " 06/01/2010 - "It is recommended that for all adults diphtheria toxoids booster immunization should be conducted every 10 years for all adults."
3.	Pertussis VaccineIBA 12/01/1990 - "The subjects consisted of 56 volunteers (20-31 years of age) who had received regular inoculations of diphtheria and pertussis vaccine (I and II or III phases). " 01/01/1962 - "[The morphology of the vaccination process in guinea pigs inoculated with diphtheriapertussis, pertussis vaccine and diphtheria anatoxin]." 10/01/2013 - "In this randomized, blinded, controlled study, volunteers received either 3 doses of CYD-TDV (n = 401) or placebo as first and second injection and tetanus/diphtheria/acellular pertussis vaccine as third injection (n = 199) at 0, 6 and 12 months. " 09/21/2012 - "A phase III, randomized controlled study to assess the safety and immunogenicity of a semi-synthetic diphtheria, tetanus and whole-cell pertussis vaccine in Indian infants." 09/01/2008 - "The objective of this study was to determine the feasibility of tetanus, diphtheria, and acellular pertussis vaccine administration to parents in a tertiary care, level III NICU and to measure its effect on vaccination rates among parents of this high-risk population. "
4.	AntigensIBA 10/01/1962 - "[Study on the sensitization to antigens elaborated by various strains of diphtheria and non-diphtheria corynebacteria]." 01/01/1952 - "Studies on the purification of diphtheria antigens." 07/01/2014 - "The antigens in this preparation are covalently conjugated to diphtheria protein to make them more antigenic. " 11/16/2010 - "Immune response rates to diphtheria antigen approached 100% for all vaccine groups. " 02/01/2005 - "Moreover, analytical results from several serum samples obtained using the developed technique were in satisfactory agreement with those given by the ELISA method, implying a promising alternative approach for detecting diphtheria antigen in clinical diagnosis."
5.	Diphtheria-Tetanus-Pertussis Vaccine (DPT Vaccine)IBA 05/01/1987 - "Besides, the study has shown that after the main complex of immunizations with adsorbed DPT vaccine protective immunity to diphtheria is retained in 90.3-96.8% of children covered by this study for 9-10 years. " 05/01/2007 - "The coverage rate of DPT vaccine did not necessarily reflect the immunity against diphtheria, suggesting the increase of immunity against diphtheria an urgent task to be taken care of." 06/01/1983 - "[Seroepidemiological survey of diphtheria in Thailand and the effect of a triple vaccine (DTP)]." 06/01/1981 - " Although 4 doses of DPT vaccine are not an absolute guarantee diphtheria will not occur, there are significant differences between vaccinated and unvaccinated children in the relative incidence, morbidity, and mortality from the disease. " 08/01/1979 - "The diphtheria component of adsorbed DPT vaccine seemed to be unable to ensure the sufficient level and intensity of immunity under conditions of a sharply decreased risk of encounter with the infective agent. "
6.	Diphtheria-Tetanus-acellular Pertussis Vaccines (Tripedia)FDA Link 07/01/2011 - "We provide an overview of 16 years of clinical experience with a diphtheria (D), tetanus (T), aP, IPV and Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) polysaccharide conjugated to tetanus protein (PRP∼T) combined vaccine (DTaP-IPV//PRP∼T - Pentaxim, Sanofi Pasteur, France). " 03/01/2009 - "More recently, a refinement of this method based on dermal temperature measurement has been developed for ACVs in combination with diphtheria and tetanus vaccines (DTaP). " 01/01/1996 - "Tetanus antibody was higher pre- and post-vaccination for DTwP versus both DTaP vaccine groups, and diphtheria antibody was similar pre- and post-vaccination for all 3 groups. " 11/01/2014 - "Children who had received 5 previous doses of any diphtheria-tetanus-acellular pertussis (DTaP) vaccine were enrolled in a phase IV clinical trial; 646 10-year-olds and 645 11-year-olds completed the study, which involved a single intramuscular dose of Tdap5 along with pre- and postvaccination serologies. " 06/01/2015 - "From this cohort, infants were divided into three groups: (1) those who received a RVV, (2) those receiving a diphtheria, tetanus, and acellular pertussis (DTaP) vaccine before the introduction of RVV (February 2006), and (3) those receiving DTaP without a concurrent RVV during the period of RVV availability. "
7.	Combined VaccinesIBA 10/01/1990 - "[The determination of the protective potency of the diphtheria component in combined vaccines by the indirect hemagglutination (IHA) method]." 01/01/1986 - "A mouse model is presented to estimate the potency of the diphtheria component in combined vaccines. " 01/01/1986 - "A mouse model to estimate the potency of the diphtheria component in combined vaccines." 07/01/2013 - "The risk in the 6-week interval compared to the prior 12 months for tetanus diphtheria combination, 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide, and for all vaccines combined was 1.4 (95% CI, .3-4.5), 0.7 (95% CI, .1-2.9), and 1.3 (95% CI, .8-2.3), respectively. " 01/01/1999 - "The ultimate goal of this project was to determine whether serological assays can be used for testing combined vaccines, particularly for tetanus and diphtheria components, using sera from the same animals."
8.	Diphtheria Toxoid (Vaccine, Diphtheria)FDA Link 02/01/2000 - "This study suggests that one dose of 2 Lf diphtheria toxoid is highly effective in raising DAT to protective levels in most adults; however, the study also shows that certain age groups, particularly persons 40-49 and, to a lesser degree, 30-39 years old may require additional doses or a complete three-dose primary vaccination series for optimal protection against diphtheria." 02/19/1983 - "We conclude that adults should not be vaccinated without previous screening for susceptibility to diphtheria; that neither previous immunisation nor age is reliable in predicting the need for vaccination; and that though a single booster dose of diphtheria toxoid is probably effective in adults under 45, two doses should be given to those in the older age group." 01/01/2006 - "While improved coverage of children in developing countries with diphtheria toxoid has led to progressive decreases in diphtheria; eradication is unlikely in the foreseeable future and gaps in immunity among adult population exist or are developing in many other countries. " 12/15/1989 - "On both occasions a diphtheria microneutralization assay was done for "gold standard" evidence of prior exposure to diphtheria toxoid or toxin. " 06/10/2011 - "The aim of this study was to evaluate diphtheria immunity in a sample of the Turkish population having high childhood immunization coverage, including a booster dose of diphtheria toxoid at 12-15 years of age. "
9.	Pentetic Acid (DTPA)FDA LinkGeneric 05/01/2008 - "Anti-diphtheria and anti-PRN concentrations were higher after DTPa, but groups differences reduced over time. " 12/02/2004 - "Therefore, the difference observed in diphtheria antibody geometric mean concentrations 1 month after booster vaccination at 4-6 years with dTpa or DTPa is unlikely to be of clinical relevance 10 years later at the time of the adolescent booster." 12/02/2004 - "When applied to data collected 3.5 years after vaccination of 4-6 year olds with either DTPa or dTpa, the model predicted that 10 years post-vaccination, 98.6% of subjects vaccinated with dTpa were likely to remain seroprotected against diphtheria, compared to 99.6% vaccinated with DTPa. " 12/02/2004 - "However, anti-diphtheria antibody levels were observed to be lower when compared to the "full strength" paediatric DTPa vaccine. " 12/02/2004 - "Anti-diphtheria antibody seroprotection rates are similar 10 years after vaccination with dTpa or DTPa using a mathematical model."
10.	AntibodiesIBA 01/01/2015 - "Studies revealed that over 60% of persons aged >40 years in the Polish population do not have a protective level of antibodies against diphtheria. " 01/01/2014 - "Seroprevalence study of anti diphtheria antibodies in two age-groups of Romanian adults." 01/01/2010 - "Collectively, these studies demonstrate cross-reactivity of antibodies raised against B-subunit of DT and extracellular domain of EGFR and suggest that clinically observed post-diphtheria complications may result from autoimmune inhibition of EGFR function and possible destruction of receptor-positive tissues." 07/01/2007 - "Results of the conducted study showed that naturally acquired antibacterial and postvaccinal antitoxic antibodies against diphtheria were found in human blood sera. " 07/01/2005 - "As found in this study, the development of the manifest forms of diphtheria occurred in the presence of lower levels of antitoxic antibodies, than bacterial carrier state. "

Therapies and Procedures

1.	Drug Therapy (Chemotherapy) 04/01/2010 - "These results indicate that chemotherapy has independent adverse effects on vaccine-induced antibody protection against diphtheria and hepatitis B." 02/01/1950 - "Chemotherapy in experimental diphtheria infection." 07/01/1984 - "Twenty-seven children with various childhood malignancies who were in clinical remission and receiving maintenance chemotherapy were given diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus (DPT) immunizations. " 02/01/2009 - "In this randomized controlled study, we studied the effect of immune responses to diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis (DTP) booster vaccination in children 6 months after completing chemotherapy. " 03/01/2011 - "Given that a significant proportion of children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) lose immune protection to tetanus, diphtheria, and poliomyelitis, revaccination is indicated after chemotherapy. "
2.	Renal Dialysis (Hemodialysis) 01/01/2007 - "We aimed to determine the rates and certain determinants of protection against diphtheria in adult hemodialysis (HD) patients. " 01/01/2007 - "Determinants of protection against diphtheria in adult hemodialysis patients." 01/01/2000 - "Protection against diphtheria and the immune response to diphtheria vaccination in hemodialysis patients is poor. " 01/01/2000 - "Only 6/16 hemodialysis patients responded to immunization against diphtheria by specific antibody production (> 0.1 IU/ml). " 07/01/1997 - "We analyzed the immunity to diphtheria of 228 hemodialysis patients and the efficiency of single versus triple vaccination against diphtheria. "
3.	Transplantation (Transplant Recipients) 02/01/2007 - "Diphtheria and Hib antibody concentrations were consistently higher in the DV+ than in the DV- group from 6 months post transplantation onwards. " 07/27/1997 - "The aim of the study was to investigate the response to a standard diphtheria and tetanus booster vaccination in pediatric renal transplant recipients. " 05/01/2011 - "Safety and immunogenicity of diphtheria and tetanus booster vaccination were evaluated in 28 children after thoracic transplantation. " 07/27/1997 - "Diphtheria and tetanus vaccination can be performed effectively and safely in renal transplant recipients as generally recommended." 07/27/1997 - "Response to diphtheria and tetanus booster vaccination in pediatric renal transplant recipients."
4.	Microspheres (Microsphere) 05/01/2003 - "An experimental divalent vaccine based on biodegradable microspheres induces protective immunity against tetanus and diphtheria." 05/01/2003 - "In conclusion, this study showed that a single administration of biodegradable microsphere vaccines provided protective immunity against diphtheria and tetanus, and that this immunization approach might be feasible for multivalent vaccines." 07/01/2009 - "Polymeric microspheres containing diphtheria and tetanus toxoids were prepared without protein stabilizers. " 05/01/2003 - "When the animals were challenged with tetanus or diphtheria toxins 6 weeks after immunization, microsphere vaccines produced protective immunity that was comparable to or better than that induced by the licensed divalent vaccine. " 05/01/2003 - "In an endeavor towards development of multivalent vaccines based on biodegradable microspheres, we tested the immunologic performance of several divalent microsphere formulations against tetanus and diphtheria. "
5.	Tracheotomy 10/01/2014 - "He was the first physician to practice tracheotomy in diphtheria and perform thoracenteses to remove air or fluid from the pleural space. " 01/01/2006 - "In the nineteenth century tracheotomy was performed in case of diphtheria. " 04/01/2003 - "He was the first physician to practice tracheotomy in diphtheria and to recommend thoracentesis for removal of air and fluid out of the pleural space. " 02/01/1996 - "Tracheotomy in the pediatric patient has become a routine procedure since the late 19th century, when it was used in treating diphtheria. " 01/01/1992 - "Tracheotomy versus intubation: surgical intervention in diphtheria in Europe and the United States, 1825-1930."